The Value of Evaluating University Students Essay Example for Free

The Value of Evaluating University Students Essay Instruction can be alluded to as the improvement of character along with the people mental forces . It envelops educating just as learning of explicit aptitudes . It confers information on an individual who is getting taught. Training assumes an extremely basic job in the turn of events and development of every single individual . It is considered to outfit an individual with the information that is required in everyday exercises that one may embrace. The possibilities of an individual are placed into greatest use through the procedure of training. This is on the grounds that instruction enables an individual to utilize their aptitudes, or abilities to most extreme use. Instruction empowers a person to be in his legitimate sense. Instruction is significant in a person’s life. The qualities that instruction provides for an individual are exceptional with those of an uneducated individual. Instruction is viewed as significant for a few reasons. One is that, it prepares an individual 's mind. An individual can have the option to learn and rehearse it. It likewise makes an individual to turn into a correct mastermind. This implies, one can have the option to think carefully and properly . It empowers one to think and settle on choices as required. Instruction is extremely critical that in empowering individuals to get data from the outside world . One can have the option to find out about various states or areas on the planet and the events in those specific spots. Previous history data can be obtained through instruction. Present fundamental data too. Training has various levels relying upon the substance of instruction at that level. Age additionally figures out which level of instruction one ought to be in. All inclusive college degree is the most elevated organization of learning. It offers information and abilities that are quite certain to certain calling. For instance understudies are prepared relying upon the calling that they need to be in the wake of finishing their training. In many colleges, understudies are assessed through assessments. In this article, the subject of whether college understudies ought to be assessed will be talked about. Assessment helps mentors or teachers to discover what information, aptitudes, perspectives or conduct the course has ingrained to the understudies (William, 2006). Through assessments as a method of assessment, understudies can provide for the speaker what they comprehended or gained from a specific course. Assessment helps speakers to set clear, quantifiable and sensible destinations of the course to be instructed . The instructor can have the option to discover how much understudies can learn over a given timeframe. For instance, a course with a great deal of substance whenever secured over an extremely brief timeframe, understudies may neglect to comprehend it better appeared by terrible showing in their assessments. Through assessing understudies, an instructor can create and choose the course content that can accomplish the objectives of that specific course. The understudies comprehension of the course demonstrated by assessing that person shows this. This aides in guaranteeing the quality instruction given to the understudies in kept up consistently, or even improved. Assessment supports earnestness of the understudy to instruction. The techniques for assessment utilized interest that understudies must peruse completely, just as comprehend the substance of the course. This implies the information can be caught up in the understudies mind. They can likewise apply the abilities in their viable work effectively. Cooperation soul is advanced among the understudies. This is whereby assignments that are down in groups support sharing of information and thoughts. They can cooperate to guarantee they accomplish their primary target, which is their achievement in that course. Assessment supports taking care of issues in a course in the event that they emerge . For instance disappointment of understudies to comprehend a specific course might be because of different elements . For instance, poor addressing or poor centralization of understudies in class. The issue can be routed to guarantee achievement. Assessment advances difficult work in understudies Assignments or a test commits an understudy to explore, learn and even see much better. Assessment has its negative face additionally . It might advance indecencies in the instruction framework. The need of the understudy to breeze through assessment assessments may make them cheat during the assessments. This is whereby understudies may convey reference materials, where they can allude to for the right and exact answers. This brings down the estimation of instruction that the understudy gets. Specific perusing and comprehension of the course by the understudies might be urged by introduction to the assessment tests. The understudies focus on perusing and seeing, just what may be analyzed . The understudy can't in this manner get, all the necessary abilities and information that the course should give the person in question. Assessment may not generally show the genuine capacity of an understudy. For instance, an understudy might be given a poor quality essentially in light of the fact that the person in question never exceeded expectations in a specific test. Shockingly, it may be that the understudy was just assessed on hardly any points that the person didn't comprehend . In the event that one would be analyzed all subjects of the course, they would get a passing mark. Understudies assessment at the colleges ought to be done yet mind ought to be taken to guarantee there is high caliber of training kept up. References William M. 2006. Exploration Methods Knowledge Base. Prologue to Evaluation. Instruction Evaluation 1

Polygraphs Roles in Detection Physically and Mentally on Suspects Research Paper

Polygraphs Roles in Detection Physically and Mentally on Suspects - Research Paper Example Casualties of rape will most likely be unable to legitimize the occasions that prompted the ambush therefore requiring the utilization of the polygraph on the culprits all together, to come clean in regards to such occasions. In criminal examinations, the culprits will undoubtedly show different post-horrendous pressure issue, for example, uneasiness and other enthusiastic properties that help the polygraph to recognize reality on a specific issue easily (Rathus, 2010). The utilization of polygraphs has been utilized by numerous examiners in the official courtroom to legitimize reality looking into it in the case, which serves to the criminal examination. The polygraph is utilized in the military cross examinations whereby the inspector of the polygraph recognizes reality concerning the military data from a suspect. The polygraph may stretch out its motivation to the military faculty so as to help them in to distinguish a post-horrible pressure issue that may influence their feelings and practices particularly after a battle in fights. A presume holding military data is treated as a danger particularly when such an individual isn't in the control powers, which, in this manner, requires the utilization of the polygraph so as to disentangle reality of such data. Military work force is exposed to post-awful pressure issue after a progression of battle, which, in this manner, requires the utilization of the polygraph so as to help such an individual in managing enthusiastic and conduct changes that follow significant battles. The polygraphs empower an analyst to distinguish the enthusiastic and social changes that occur for a military fac ulty in this manner helping the inspector to address the difficult issues, which accordingly empowers the military staff to adapt to any post-horrible pressure issue.

Harvard Square Photoblog

Harvard Square Photoblog Right now, I am sitting and blogging live from Bostons amazing new Apple store on Boylston Street. Although the stores actually less than a mile from my fraternity house (according to GoogleMaps), I got here by a far more circuitous route. Specifically, I started my day by having some delicious dim sum with friends in Chinatown. After gorging ourselves on dumplings, pork funs, and other heart-touching delicacies, we wandered around downtown Boston to do a little shopping (which had the added benefit of helping us avoid food coma). I ended up spending quite a bit of time in the downtown Borders (walking away with Ringworld, The Left Hand of Darkness and a few others) before splitting with the group and heading back down Boylston towards Skullhouse. All was going well I was nearly to Mass Ave, practically in view of homeand then I got distracted by the giant glass Apple store, which I had never visited, towering three stories above the street. The rest, as they say, is history. So, here I am, just a few feet away from the giant Apple sign, mooching off the free wireless and free Photoshop to bring you a blog entry about another set of weekend antics specifically, last weekend, when my friends Caroline 11, Stunes 11, and I headed to Harvard Square to go book-shopping and see The Dark Knight. First destination: the Kendall Square T stop at the eastern end of campus, which helps connect MIT to the greater Boston area. Did you know that there are bells inside the Kendall Square T stop? After two quick stops on the Red Line, we found ourselves in Harvard Square. Knowing we had a long day in front of us, we resolved to fortify ourselves with some nutrition before heading into the wilds. Which meant, of course, a stop at Crazy Doughs, one of Bostons many fantastic pizza joints, which is part of a larger mall complex called The Garage. After ordering, we found ways to amuse ourselves until our pizzas were ready. Pizza devoured, we headed for dessert at Ben Jerrys. Stunes and I decided to share a banana split. I was going to say we were going to split a banana split but that just sounded awkward. Next, we headed to Newbury Comics, the store that sells practically anything a geek could want. From Dr. Who to Magic: The Gathering, its all here. We also stopped briefly in Hootenanny, a punk/emo store. Finally done with The Garage, off to find books! Our book-hunting mission accomplished, we headed to the theater, where Teresa 11 joined us to watch The Dark Knight. Now pardon me, Im going to play with the iPhone 3G for a few minutes, and then I think some of my female friends are going to drag me to Mamma Mia. Oh well, how can I resist?

Death of the American Dream in Fitgeralds The Great...

The American Dream is dead. This is the main theme in F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby. In the novel Fitzgerald gives us a glimpse into the life of the high class during the roaring twenties through the eyes of a moralistic young man named Nick Carraway. It is through the narrators dealings with high society that readers are shown how modern values have transformed the American Dreams pure ideals into a scheme for materialistic power and further, how the world of high society lacks any sense of morals or consequence. In order to support this message, Fitzgerald presents the original aspects of the American Dream along with its modern face to show that the once impervious dream is now lost forever to the†¦show more content†¦The product of all of James Gatzs hard work is the longing Jay Gatsby, who epitomizes one of the main characteristics of the American dream: everlasting hope. Gatsby desire to win Daisys love is his version of the old American dream : an incredible goal and a constant search for the opportunity to reach this goal. This is shown when Gatsby is first introduced into the novel. It is late at night and we find him with his hands in his pockets out to determine what share was his of our local heavens. While Nick continues to watch Gatsbys movements he says: -he [Gatsby] stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward-and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock. (Pg. 20-21). The green light that Gatsby reaches out for symbolizes his longing, his longing for Daisy, for money, for acceptance and no matter how much he has he never feels complete. This green light is part of the American Dream. It symbolizes our constant searching for a way to reach that goal just of in the distance, as Nick described it, Gatsby believed in the gr een light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but thats no matter-tomorrow we will run faster, stretch our arms farther. And one fine morning- (Pg. 180). Gatsbys

Choosing Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline

Choosing Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline What Needs to be Done About Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline Human rights and needs ought to be considered and the positives related to immigrants will need to get evaluated before the present government produces a decision on evicting or locking out anyone. Immigration is something which has occurred for a lengthy period of time, but on account of the contemporary advancements in travel and other technology, it's becoming increasingly more common. Obviously, the gap in the grade of education turns to be very large and immigrants are in a disadvantageous financial position since the moment they've arrived to the new nation. When combined with how the gap in wealth between wealthy and poor countries is ever increasing, it's apparent that immigration is something only likely to grow. The only means to stop illegal immigration is to create changes in rules. It's obvious that illegal immigrants searching for an immigration reform is a massive issue, there are various things holding our nation back from giving the ones in need one. Illegal immigrants bring plenty of problems to the United States of america, and several are of the opinion they ought to not be allowed to go into the country in the very first spot. An illegal immigrant can't be considered an employee under the IRCA, which automatically deals with the discrimination issue. Before starting an essay, it's important to understand what you're writing for. You've come quite a way and have a lot stronger comprehension of what a Rails application entails. Your writing has to be brief and concise. Drafting and planning together with researching should be done in order to have a simple writing. Reading samples of response papers is also an additional way by which you can easily learn how to compose a reaction paper to documentary. Also, you can look for sample expository essay topics so you will be aware of what to research and that which you will deal with. In here, you ought not introduce any new info. You should offer information which is related to your thesis. Essay outlines shows you that even if you're not an expert writer, you are still able to make a great essay. Making an essay isn't an easy job. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. The immigrant issue is a popular issue on earth today. Unique Purposes of Education There are various purposes for gaining education like education will help to sustain an individual's social and financial life. An individual with a working visa doesn't delight in the advantages that a citizen of the country does. The issue is, it's hard to achieve that. The Foolproof Immigrant Story Essay Samples Outiline Strategy Select an easy project you need to construct. Immigration doesn't have to be the bad man's escape in the event the government provides enough jobs for everybody. The government isn' t only targeting the illegal immigrants but corporate America in addition to hiring undocumented workers to lessen their cost of conducting business. Thus, the governments and global communities should tackle the issue through the enactment of treaties and laws prohibiting the trend together with illegalizing prostitution. Illegal immigrants are the tremendous area of the economy. Slavery is connected with illegal immigration. Illegal immigration can be repealed in the event the government takes the right measures. Proper laws and reforms will need to go implemented in the struggle against illegal immigration and are likely to be prosperous. There are several different explanations for why people have their country to go to a different nation. It's indeed practical to work abroad, especially if it's the case that you do not observe any improvement in your nation's financial landscape. So, it's required to attempt to find the citizenship of the nation you immigrate to as soon as possible. The good' fight against despots and to curb the increase of extremist terrorists has made a lot of hot spots on earth.

Huck Finn Comparison Essay Free Essays

Justin Esteves 1/18/12 Puddn’head Wilson and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Comparison Essay There are several differences that are evident between Puddn’head Wilson and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. One of the major differences between the two books is the characters that are involved in the stories. They have different personalities and react differently to different situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Huck Finn Comparison Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The twins in Puddn’head Wilson are young men from noble descent from Italy who left their country. They are smooth talking, but really don’t lie about a situation. However the Duke and King in Huckleberry Finn aim to trick people in different towns by selling the people tickets to a show that never existed. In one instance a man dies and they pretend to be related to him so they can get his inheritance. The ages of the main characters are different as Huck is a boy while the characters in the other story are adults. In Puddn’head Wilson it is said not to have a specific plot line, but in Huck Finn the story follows the classic plot line scheme. There are many similarities between the two stories. One of them is that the settings are very much the same as they both take place on the Mississippi River. Actually when I was reading Huck Finn, I couldn’t get the picture of the setting of Puddn’head out of my head. Another similarity is that the twins and the King and Duke are similar characters since they are together in pairs all the time in the book. The final similarity is the involvement of death in both books. The whole story of Puddn’head is based around a murder. In Huck Finn, Huck makes it look like he was killed to escape from Pap and the town. After Mr. Wilks’ death, the Duke and the King go after the money in his will. Another death in Huck Finn was Pap who was found dead in a house during a flood. Overall The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a lot better than Puddn’head Wilson. After reading several reviews more readers liked Huck Finn and some people really disliked Puddn’head Wilson. Both books were about life on the Mississippi River from a long time ago. It was interesting to see how people lived in that period of time. Even though the stories took place many years ago, there are many similarities between the people from then to now as to how they treat each other. People were the same then as they are now and have the same outlook on life. The books and life follow Mark Twain’s quote, â€Å"The damned human race. † How to cite Huck Finn Comparison Essay, Essay examples

Inland Beach Essays - Films, The Miracle, Birth,

Inland Beach Margaret Creal leaves us with plenty to ponder about as her use of symbolism is used to describe the strength and wisdom of women along with the miracle of birth. Margaret Creal uses symbolism to link the fragility of birth to the delicateness of life. Margaret Creal describes the scenery at the beginning to illustrate what the surrounding beach looks like, however we can also see that her description also resembles the miracle of birth. It is evident that the bay as representing the "outside world" and the ocean as being still in the women. "The bay empties through a narrow neck into the ocean"(153). This description of the ocean and bay resembles how babies are brought into the world. This description helps the theme of the story as it may not be possible for all readers to figure it out but it is pretty interesting when found. When Ben tries to get back in from the ocean to the bay he struggles and kicks rhythmically. This is the same as birth in life as it is always difficult to get the child out of the mother. " I said, I'm trying to come in, and I can't" (154). The author only allows us to see the story through the mothers eyes so we can never completely get the full impact of what Ben feels as he is fighting to get back in. This directly reflects what happens when babies are thinking when they are brought into the world. The mood of the story changes dramatically as the mother's attitude changes rapidly as Ben is stuck in the ocean. The mother is very happy when she gets to the beach as everything is in order but she becomes very angry with Ben, as he does not listen to orders. She is in fear as she finally discovers that Ben is moving further out and he can't come back in. She then feels pain in her stomach when she thinks that Ben and she are going to die. In the end the mother is happier than ever as a rope that has direct symbolism with an unbiblical cord, the lifeline of an unborn child saves them. I really liked this short story as it is not quite clear at first what the main focus or theme is. It was not until I read it a couple of times to discover that the author life is a lot like birth. It also gives a good description of what women have to go through to make the biggest miracle on earth happen.

The Yellow Wall Paper essays

The Yellow Wall Paper essays The Yellow-Wallpaper as a Social Criticism Traditionally, men have held the power in society. Women have been treated as a second class of citizens with neither the legal rights nor the respect of their male counterparts. Culture has contributed to these gender roles by conditioning to these gender roles by conditioning women to accept their subordinate status while encouraging young men to lead and control. Feminist criticism contends that literature either supports societys patriarchal structure or provides social criticism in order to change this hierarchy. The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, depicts one womens struggle against the traditional female role into which society attempts to force her and the societal reaction to this act. From the beginning of this work, the woman is shown to have gone mad. We are given no insight into the past, and we do not know why she has been driven to the brink of insanity. The beautiful...English place that the woman sees in her m inds eye is the way men have traditionally wanted women to see their role in society. As the woman says, It is quite alone standing well back from the road...It makes me think of English places...for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people. There is a delicious garden! I never saw such a garden-large and shady, full of box-bordered paths, and lined with long grape-covered arbors with seats under them. This lovely English countryside picture that this woman paints to the reader is a shallow view at the real likeness of her prison. The reality of things is that this lovely place is her small living space, and in it she is to function as every other good housewife should. The description of her cell, versus the reality of it, is a very good example of the restriction women had in those days. They were free to see things as they wanted, but th...

How to Get an ISBN in 10 Minutes (or Less!) the Master Guide for 2019

How to Get an ISBN in 10 Minutes (or Less!) the Master Guide for 2019 ISBN for Self-Publishers: The Complete Guide When it comes to discussions around books and publishing, we all know the most exciting topic at the table: how to get an ISBN.We know not everyone is thrilled by the idea of obtaining a serial number but, just like editing and design, they're a  pretty critical part of self-publishing. Luckily, we’re here to answer all of your questions on the subject. How to get an ISBN: the complete guide for self-publishers #pubtips What is an ISBN number?An International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, is a 13-digit code used as a unique identifier for books. An ISBN is assigned to each edition of a publication, enabling publishers, bookstores, libraries, and readers to quickly find titles.An ISBN number never expires. Even very old numbers with only 10 digits can be converted into a 13-digit code with this conversion tool from Bowker.How to read an ISBNAll standard ISBNs comprise of five parts that tell us the following:The number 978 or 979 indicates that the digits are a book codeThe country or language group of the publicationThe publisherThe title of the publicationThe check digit - which, in a non-technical nutshell, indicates that the number has been verifiedAs they are used by retailers for inventory reasons, only authors who are planning to print and distribute hard copies of their titles need to obtain a barcode.Is it the same as an ASIN number?It's similar, but not the exact same. ASIN number are 10- digit codes generated by Amazon to identify the products on their page - so it's similar to an ISBN in that respect. However, while ISBNs can be used across various bookstores, ASINs on apply on the Amazon store.Additional ISBN resourcesFor more information regarding the topics covered, here are some links to check out:International ISBN AgencyFrequently Asked Questions (answered by Bowker)Bowker’s Set-Up GuideNielsen InformationThere’s no wrong or right answer provided that you think ahead. If you have a lightbulb moment one day and decide to write and publish a book as a passion project, you can probably eschew this whole process and rest easy. If you’re looking to start your own publishing business, then carefully weigh your options. Investing in an ISBN might be the smart bet or an unnecessary one, depending on your goals.

Analyse and apply the appropriate marketing strategy in the context of Essay

Analyse and apply the appropriate marketing strategy in the context of the marketing planning process - Essay Example Through study of some important brands and their respective marketing strategies the overall position and pattern have been gauged in context of marketing strategies. Toyota Motor Corporation is a big player in the world of automobiles. It manufactures various types of cars, trucks, passenger cars and minivans. Under the brand name Prius it sells hybrid vehicles. The company also has a wide range of SUV or sport utility vehicles as well as other speciality vehicles. One of the company’s primary objectives is to manufactures such vehicles which would provide safety, security and comfort to the consumers (Company Description, May 2009; Toyotas ITS vision, 2009). Toyota or for that matter any company would set up strategies to achieve its business goals or objectives. Similarly it creates marketing strategies to achieve its goals in terms of marketing objectives. Marketing strategy as a concept caters to three parts, the internal factors of the company itself, the customer and the competitors of the firm. A marketing strategy of a firm focuses on the market in terms of segmentation, targeting and positioning. Segmentation is dividing the market into groups which have similar characteristics. This is used by the companies to target their products to cater to the specific segments. The company always focuses towards creating a higher position for its products in comparison to its competitors so that it can leverage this and sell more. One of the basic and most important concepts of marketing strategy is that of the 4Ps of marketing which constitute the marketing mix of an organisation. The marketing mix or the 4Ps are; product, price, promotion and placement. Toyota offers a wide array of automobiles. It produces trucks, minivans, luxury sedans and hybrids among many other cars. The company also offers various brands for its various offerings. The Lexus brand is its luxury offering. While the Scion brand

Comprehensive Examination for Capella Learner Essay

Comprehensive Examination for Capella Learner - Essay Example Kaya (1994) made it clear that in most developing and less developed countries the public libraries are one of the last parts of the infrastructure to be put into place. As a consequence, many developing and less developed countries have a significant gap between the information wants and needs of their mostly poor populations and the information and communications that could potentially be available to them through having more libraries with the latest ICT. The purpose of this paper will be to evaluate how information technology and telecommunications can aid librarianship in developing and less developed countries and help significantly increase the literacy of any given country's population through analyzing one technology installation as it relates to increased literacy. This paper discusses issues that are faced by librarians in developing and less developed countries. An Information and Communications Technology program is suggested to support the librarianship in developing and less developed countries to provide the means for possible improvement of their probable contributions in those countries. This paper considers two key factors as the main ideas. Number one is job satisfaction, which is an extremely important aspect in the structuring of an organization, especially one where motivation is one of its key economic drivers. Number two is libraries that are bundled with the learning environment of society in a developing country. Bearing in mind the relevant fact that in developing and less developed countries human resources is the number one service provider due to lack of technological advances, the issue of job satisfaction for the librarians in those countries becomes crucial to the implementation of positive changes in the socio-cultural context that can help those developing and less developed countries emerge as productive, empowered and proactive communities in the realm of economic and human development. . These significant issues will be discussed and analyzed in some detail. Then the discussion will be followed by the guidelines which should encapsulate the necessary information and communications regarding organizations and associations that can provide support for librarianship in developing and less developed countries aided with the help of the implementation of ICT initiatives that can really enhance the educational experience necessary for those developing and less developed countries to achieve higher degrees of collective welfare. The focus should be placed on the primary factors for funding and finding the proper technologies to support the librarianship in developing and less developed countries in such a synergic way that the learning community can surpass their present level of illiteracy/oral tra ditions, lack of knowledge and poverty through the extremely relevant value of education in all the realms of its implicit and explicit meanings. Without education, it is really impossible to achieve a minimum degree of civilization and development in any country, especially in poverty-stricken countries like the developing and less developed countries. Technology is a powerful means of empowering any

Profile of Henri Fayol, a Founding Father of Management

Profile of Henri Fayol, a Founding Father of Management Background and Carrier Henri Fayol was a French industrialist and manager, working in the mine industry and looking for applicable solution to business management. He went to school in Lyon (the second largest city of France) and enrolled at the engineering school of Saint-Etienne (Ecole Nationale des Mines). He received an education as a mine engineer and graduated in 1860 from this school at the age of 19. He was first employed as an engineer at Boigues, Rambourg and Co. In 1874, this company became Commentry-Fourchambault SA or Comambault). It is important to notice he spend all his professional life in the same company experiencing its expansion and knowing well its structure and production methods. Fayol was first remarked as an engineer when he wrote a paper proposing a solution to fire hazard, fire fitting and spontaneous combustion in mine, destructing men and installations. In 1866, he was appointed director of a single mine of Commentry at the age of 25. The company was going through expansion an d added several other mines to the company in other part of France such as Monvicq coal mine and Berry Iron Ore Mine. He became the directors of those mines as well at the age of 31. In the same time, those expansions did not translated in increase of dividend. Quite the contrary, Fayol had to face the fact that Comambault was in dire financial straits. In the late 1880s, the company had failed to pay dividends for at least 4 years. In 1888, at the age of 47 he became the CEO of the Comambault conglomerate. The objective of his mission as a CEO was to make the company viable again which he did. He worked closely with his managers to turn the company around, closing inefficient units, investing in research and technology and expanding the geographical base of the company. In 1908, in a discourse he gave he reminded this episode of industrial history: In 1888, the company Commentry-Fourchambault was on the verge of disappearing in abandoning its plants and in resuming the exhaustion of the mine stocks, when a change of head office came. Since then, the company prospered again. The companys history shows that its fall and rising are uniquely an effect of the administrative process employed. This is with the same mines and the same plants, with the same financial resources, in the same commercial situation, the same board of directors, and the same personal that the company raises again to this moment. Therefore, some administrative methods leave the company to its ruin; other methods give it its prosperity back. Work, experience, knowledge and good will of several thousands of people had been sterilized by some dysfunctional administrative process. And other administrative processes emphasize all its strength. Fayol was head of a very large business with over 10,000 employees, which at the time, was comparable to todays international companies. He remained CEO until his retirement at the end of WWI, in 1918. Before his retirement in 1916, Fayol published his main book Administration Industrielle et Generale in the professional publication called Bulletin de la Socià ©tà © de lindustrie minà ©rale. In 1917, he sets up the Centre for Administrative Studies (CAS) in Paris. His reflections were published as a book only in 1925, the year of his death. This centre was important in diffusing his ideas. It organised seminars and colloquium with industrialists, public sector officials of the French state, engineers, the military, and various academics. The CAS was a platform from which collaboration and further works could be done. From 1921 to 1925, he collaborated to several studies on behalf of the Frenchs public sector. Notably, he produced a study of the Post and Telecom Department as well as the French Tobacco and Match monopoly. Why a founding Father of Management? One remarkable feature about Henri Fayols influence in management is the fact that he is little known compared to Taylor (1856-1915) who lived roughly at the same time. The epoch of the great development of the XIX century industry does not explain why one hits more fame than the other. In 1912, Charles de la Poix de Frà ©minville met Taylor and stated to spread the principles of Taylorian organisation of work. Taylors work dealt with the workshop of manufacturing and Fayols with the mining industry and its general management. One must say that one aspects of the relative slow diffusion of Fayols ideas, is due to timing. In 1916 and 1918, France was dealing with the WWI and its aftermath. Although many of Fayols principles he developed in studies during 1921-25 could have been used for bettering the management of the French state agencies and enterprises were not followed. The reason have to be found in the institutional change of France at the time, whereby France was separating th e church from the state in education, the growth of the public sector, labour union and large businesses correlated with the rise of professional managers and the interest in technology development. My view is that, for ideological reason, when the French state was trying to reinforce itself (by establishing national system of education, nationalisation of companies (train system, post telecom, etc.) but also vis-à  -vis the threat of Germany), Fayols pragmatic criticism and suggestion to change the states forms of management were not always welcome. The reinforcement of the state own industry and the regulation of market by state agencies went well until 1986. That is in the large part, the reason why the French themselves did not consider Henri Fayols work the convenient resource to deal with the management of the Frenchs state agencies and industries. The US business school considered Henri Fayols works worth teaching their undergraduates. It only since the last 10 years (around the end of the 1990) Frenchs scholars have been studying back their own managerial roots. Despite the history of how Fayols ideas come about, one may ask us what is important in them to be consider foundational to management thought. In fact, there is, as any classical management thinker, a basic originality in Fayols proposition on the need of management regarding the dealing of the industry. Fayols Originality To a large extend, all management thinkers and practitioners view the management function as the means to organise technical function of the business toward an optimal economic efficiency. In this respect, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor or Alfred Sloan do not differ in their aim. One can find Fayols formulation of the role of management in the industry in a talk he gave in 1900 at the Congrà ©s International des Mines et de la Metallurgie. Fayol makes the following remarks: The technical and commercial services are rather well defined, which is not the case of the administrative services. The way it is built and the attribution it fulfils are not well known, its operations are not immediately clear. It does not visibly built, forge, sell or buy but nevertheless, everybody knows that if it does not work well, the company goes downhill. [Something on] recruitment: It is necessary to link theory and practice in engineers education. But it is about the proportion of each we may differ. Some think one needs to overcharge the programs as well as the lectures given in the engineering schools, other think that we have already reached the limit of theoretical teaching and that one waist our elites youth one or two years that would be better employed in active life. He also make clear in his Book, General and Industrial Management, the difference of skills and attention one needs to deal with engineering work and management work. Fayol drew attention to the need for schools and universities to educate people about administration as a topic of its own right (in conjunction to engineering, and not engineering alone). The point of his reflection on the education needs of the engineers was trying to deal with the qualities required to make a good manager rather than relying on the formal rules of engineering, its aura amongst the bourgeoisie to provide good job to their kids. For that matter, the list of qualities needed to get effective manager is rather dissimilar to what is required to be an engineer alone: Physical qualities: health, vigor, address (manner of behaving) Mental qualities: ability to understand, judge and adapt Moral qualities: energy, firmness, willingness to accept responsibility, initiative, tact, loyalty and dignity General education Special knowledge: pertaining to the functional context of work, function, technical and so on. Experience: knowledge of work, recollection of lessons from experience. Fayol take the need of education very seriously. He indicates three main sources of issues that can potentially trouble the good education of managers: (a) the problem of industrial concentration, (b) the role of higher technical education and its abuse of mathematics and (c) intellectual curiosity. The problem of industrial concentration Managing great business has always presented great difficulties. To get a grasp of it, suffice to glimpse over the various charges a CEO has to take into account. Those difficulties are inherent to the nature of things and have existed at all time. But what did not exist all the time was the recent industrial development and industrial concentration which increased considerably the proportion of big deals and show the lack of good CEO. The role of higher education and the abuse of mathematics We abuse mathematics in the belief that more one knows it, more one is able to govern businesses. Also, [we are in the belief that] their study, more than anything else, develops and makes the judgement correct. Those are mistakes which cause serious issues to our country and which seems to me useful to fight. () A long personal experience taught me that the use of higher mathematics is worthless in business management, and that engineers, pitworkers or steelworkers almost never use it. I firmly believe that elementary mathematics contribute to form your judgement, as all other branches of general culture. I nevertheless do not believe that an intense higher mathematical culture, imposed without necessity to future engineers has the same effect. The excessive culture of any kind of science is unhealthy to both the physic and the intellect. The studies of mathematics do not make exception. Studied at length with intensity, it leaves intact only the well balanced brains. One sees transcending mathematicians without common sense and we see numerous men of common sense who are not mathematicians. Intellectual curiosity You are not prepared to take the direction of a company, even small. School did not give you the administration, commercial and accountancy notions you need to be a CEO. Even if school would have provided them, you will still lack practice and experience that can only be acquired by the contact of men and things. () one asks you to bring with you your diploma, reflection, logic and a spirit of observation and dedication to the accomplishment of your task. Work to complete your professional knowledge, but do not neglect general instruction. Directors inspiring high esteem and admiration never stopped, you will see, to learn through constant effort. () You belong to the intellectual elite, so you should not be uninterested in news, you should be aware of the general ideas agitating modern society in all domains. One sees that Fayol saw that the engineering education (such as he received with its predominance of mathematics) did not answer the challenge one is facing when dealing with organisation and human matters. He saw in management the field of practice and reflection that was needed in the domain where engineering, although provide efficient techniques for dealing with materials, was unable to address the human aspects. It does not mean that management was a sort of humanism but the normal counter-part of the rationalisation of an organisation (private or public) having in mind that one needs to take a special attention to the question of human organisation if one wants an industry to function. Fayols Administrative Theory As a result of his experience and of a continuous reflection on the way to make corporation work best, in situation of change, he reckons one needs to establish an administrative theory which takes into account: The need of projections. It demands to establish a system of yearly projections for the long term objectives and monthly projections for special activities in the company fitting the global planning. The role of projection for the personal is to be able to assess what has been achieved as people go on working. To fight bureaucracy by facilitating the face to face relations, avoiding the multiplicity of hierarchies which increase the irresponsibility of the directors. Also one needs to stability in hierarchy and the possibility to reward or penalize the use of power. Pragmatism has to be applied in the division of labour by controlling decisions to be always balanced with the situation. The need to use control managers to be able to take decisions rapidly before it turns to be catastrophic. In the general literature in management, Fayol is often seen as the top-down manager that worked out the tools of governance to the distribution of task. In fact, his main focus was not to formalise the tools of decision making in a simple chart to follow. Fayols point was that an organisation could not be managed with a simplest view concerning both the function of the organisation and its human components. And for that matter, it is first necessary to consider the organisation, not simply from the tasks analysis view following technology application the industry, but as an integration of several key functions. In other words, Fayol invites us to grasp at once the complexity of the management of business organisation by taking into account the following functions: Techniques (production, transformation), commerce (business and sales), finance (capital management and research), security (protection of goods and persons), accounting (balance sheet, inventory, factory price, statistics, etc) and administration (foresight, organisation, command, coordination and control). Donald Reid (in his paper on Fayol called Fayol: From Experience to Theory) make clear that Fayol, as a practitioner, did accumulate a number of industrial and managerial experience before putting his ideas on paper. He kept copious notes of his observations, having a particular interest in organisational failure and the nature of responsibility and authority among key decision makers. In 1861, Fayol write in his notebook an example of management failure. In one mine, he saw that all work had to be stopped because of an injury to a working horse. The mine manager was absent and the stable manager had no authority to obtain the replacement of the injured horse. In the case of the horse replacement, it was the inability of the company structure to deal with this technical problem that causes inefficiency. Fayol did identify that authority was required to overrun narrow conception of decision making that did not keep the final objective in mind. Fayol was able to overrun the absence of the stable manager in order to get things done. In this case, one sees that authority is neither authoritative nor working without the flexibility demanded by the condition of the situation (the production of coal in this case). In his work, General and Industrial Management, he reviewed all aspects of management involved in the running of a business. Concerning the authority, he came with a list of principles: Unity of command Hierarchical chain of command Separation of powers (authority, subordination, responsibility and control) Centralisation Order. But he did not concentrate only on authority since his interest was about the functioning of the industrial business in its entirety. Since most of the problems he encountered were not technical in the sense of related to engineering skill; but mostly managerial, he came to the conclusion that one needed a certain element of creativity in the managerial practices in order to accommodate industrial realities. For example, he gave the possibility of experienced workers to become supervisors of work groups. In developing working teams with the authority to act and make decisions in the mines, it improved both motivation and effectiveness. The objective was to make them responsible for quality and the timing of work. He observed that all employees are involved in the administration of the business to a greater or lesser degree. In his book General and Industrial Management, he draws a comprehensive perspective of all his experience. One may call this a general theory. But it is clear that in Fayols words, it is an attempt to generalise the sum of experiences he has observed in managing Comambault in order to deliver a compendium of his ideas that could transcend industry and organisational types. One sees that in keeping the area of management large (from the decision making, the work relationship as well as the selection of human resources) Fayol identified the following principles of management (see text 1 of the reading list): Division of work specialisation of labour Authority the right to direct the work of others but requiring commensurate responsibility for actions and performance Discipline obedience and respect for the organisation and fellow workers Unity of command one superior rather than many in contrast to F W Taylor Unity of direction one agreed plan of action leading to focus and coordination of effort Subordination of individual interest to the general interest Remuneration to incentivise and make employees more valuable Centralisation to achieve the right proportion of centralised and decentralised decision making to optimize personnel Scalar chain the chain of authority from top to bottom, allowing also for lateral communication and decision making (the gang plank) Order people and resources in their appropriate place Equity equitable employee relations based on respect and kindliness Stability of tenure of personnel to assist in resources planning Initiative encouraging energy and zeal throughout the organisation Esprit de Corps building a sense of belonging and team work

Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary Essay

There are two types of organizations within the criminal justice field they are bureaucratic and patron-client organizations. The bureaucratic organization is an organization that enforces the law. However, the patron-client organization chooses to break the law. There are many differences between the groups, but there are a few things that they have in common. This paper will describe the difference between the main models of organized crimes and explain why the models are necessary for understanding crime. Models of Organized Crime Executive Summary The patron-client organization is an association of criminal clients who exchange material and assemble a successful system between the main bosses and prominent political figures. The organization is structured using its hierarchy system that contains one main boss, an underboss, an advisor, Captain, and members (Lyman and Potter, 2007). The organization has a tight bond between the members that exhibits loyalty to each other. As a result, the boss provides protection to their members. The main boss delegate duties to the underboss. The underboss then provides that information to his captains. The captains have members who carry out the tasks also known as doing their dirty work. These commands allow the bosses to stay clear of law enforcement evade apprehension and continue to conduct business as usual. (Lyman and Potter, 2007) Bureaucratic and Patron-client Organizations Bureaucratic organizations are more formal than the patron-client  organization. The bureaucratic structure consists of tougher rules and regulations, and no decisions exist without prior approval. In the patron-client organization, decisions can be made by other members as long as it benefits the organization. Bureaucratic organizations hold the administrators responsible for financial troubles. The patron-client organization holds everyone financially responsible because it involves all members of the success or failure of the organization (Lyman and Potter, 2007). Similarities and differences Criminal organizations resemble the same comparisons. The main purpose is for law enforcement to understand the development of these organizations. According to Mallory (2007) Expert psychologists, sociologist, and criminologist basis models on supporting research, statistics, facts, and information gathered. The information collected focuses on the organizational structure, purpose, cause, members, and its clientele. Each model has incorporated detail specific unique features. Why the models are necessary for understanding organized crime Models are of importance because it recognizes the organization by providing a wide-range of information. This information is very useful to law enforcement because it allows them to invent new strategies of how to deter, prevent, detect and arrest these individuals involved in these organizations. (Lyman and Potter, 2007) The patron-client and bureaucratic organization has one main purpose that is profit. This organization whether legal or illegal has similarities and differences. The structure in both primarily exists with one person in charge of monitoring the success of the organization. These models provide useful information the same as theories. (Lyman and Potter, 2007) Law enforcement uses these tools to allow them, to protect assets while detecting, preventing, apprehending, and deterring the individual’s wrongdoers or a highly developed criminal organization. (Lyman and Potter,  2007) Organized crime is considered as a legitimate institution that makes it harder for its members to be caught by law. Although these organized crime units are sworn to secrecy, police enforcement is continuously looking for ways to apprehend and take down these organizations. References: Lyman, D., & Potter, G. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Mallory, S. L. (2007). Understanding Organized Crime. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Ford Motor Company Case Analysis - 1230 Words

Company Summary: The Ford Motor Company is one of the most largest and profitable U.S. automakers in the world. Today the company headquarters operates in the Motor City, located in Dearborn, Michigan. The Ford Corporation was found by Henry Ford back in 1903, after a disagreement with his financial investors. He then decided to pursue his passion for owning his own business. The Ford Company designs and manufactures durable automobiles, automotive components, and systems. This corporation is still the longest family ran company in the world, after 11 decades. Ford automaker distribute vehicles over 6 different continents which include: North America, Europe, South America, The Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Ford is ranked # 8 on the Forbes 100 list, and makes net income of over 144 billion dollars a year in revenue sales. Who They Are: Ford Motor Company is the leading global supplier of superior performance, reliable, top of the line vehicles, in the automobile industry. The automaker is a big contributor to economic growth, because the company employs about 187,000 workers, and has 67 functioning plants worldwide. The corporation also provides financial service options for their customers through their own credit financing company, Ford Motor Credit. This service provide customers with financing, for buying or leasing vehicles. It also assist in financial support for the dealerships, in order to keep daily operations running as smoothly as possible.Show MoreRelatedFord Motor Company Written Case Analysis2381 Words   |  10 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. Case Question 2-8 2.1 Define and discuss Fords business-level strategy. 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What Are High-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Education

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) is a concept popular in American education. It distinguishes critical thinking skills from low-order learning outcomes, such as those attained by rote memorization. HOTS include synthesizing, analyzing, reasoning, comprehending, application, and evaluation. HOTS is based on various taxonomies of learning, particularly the one created by Benjamin Bloom in his 1956 book, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Higher-order thinking skills are reflected by the top three levels in Bloom’s Taxonomy:  analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Blooms Taxonomy and HOTS Blooms taxonomy is taught in a majority of teacher-education programs in the United States. As such, it may be among the most well-known educational theories among teachers nationally. As the Curriculum Leadership Journal notes: While Bloom’s Taxonomy is not the only framework for teaching thinking, it is the most widely used, and subsequent frameworks tend to be closely linked to Bloom’s work.... Bloom’s aim was to promote higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating, rather than just teaching students to remember facts (rote learning). Bloom’s taxonomy  was designed with six levels to promote higher-order thinking. The six levels were: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. (The taxonomys levels were later revised as remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, revising, and creating.) The lower-order thinking skills (LOTS) involve memorization, while higher-order thinking requires understanding and applying that knowledge. The top three levels of Blooms taxonomy—which is often displayed as a pyramid, with ascending levels of thinking at the top of the structure—are analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. These levels of the taxonomy all involve critical or higher-order thinking. Students who are able to think are those who can apply the knowledge and skills they have learned to new contexts. Looking at each level demonstrates how higher-order thinking is applied in education. Analysis Analysis, the fourth level of Blooms pyramid, involves students use their own judgment to begin analyzing the knowledge they have learned. At this point, they begin understanding the underlying structure of knowledge and also are able to distinguish between fact and opinion. Some examples of analysis would be: Analyze each statement to decide whether it is fact or opinion.Compare and contrast the beliefs of W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington.Apply the rule of 70 to determine how quickly your money will double at 6 percent interest.Illustrate the differences between the American alligator and the Nile crocodile. Synthesis Synthesis, the fifth level of Bloom’s taxonomy pyramid, requires students  to infer relationships among sources, such as essays, articles, works of fiction, lectures by instructors, and even personal observations.  For example, a student might infer a relationship between what she has read in a newspaper or article and what she has observed herself. The high-level thinking of synthesis is evident when students put the parts or information they have reviewed together to create new meaning or a new structure. At the synthesis level, students move beyond relying on previously learned information or analyzing items that the teacher is giving to them.  Some questions in the educational setting that would involve the synthesis level of higher-order thinking might include: What alternative would you suggest for ___?What changes would you make to revise___?  What could you invent to solve___? Evaluation Evaluation, the top level of Blooms taxonomy, involves students making judgments about the value of ideas, items, and materials. Evaluation is the top level of Bloom’s taxonomy pyramid because at this level that students are expected to mentally assemble all they have learned to make informed and sound evaluations of the material. Some questions involving evaluation might be: Evaluate the Bill of Rights and determine which is the least necessary for a free society.Attend a local play and write a critique of the actor’s performance.Visit an art museum and offer suggestions on ways to improve a specific exhibit. HOTS in Special Education and Reform Children with learning disabilities can benefit from educational programming that includes HOTS. Historically, their disabilities engendered lowered expectations from teachers and other professionals and led to more low-order thinking goals enforced by drill and repetition activities. However, children with learning disabilities can develop the higher-level thinking skills that teach them how to be problem solvers. Traditional education has favored the acquisition of knowledge, especially among elementary school-age children, over the application of knowledge and critical thinking. Advocates believe that without a basis in fundamental concepts, students cannot learn the skills they will need to survive in the work world. Reform-minded educators, meanwhile, see the acquisition of problem-solving skills—higher-order thinking—to be essential to this very outcome. Reform-minded curricula, such as the Common Core, have been adopted by a number of states, often amid controversy from traditional education advocates.  At heart, these curricula emphasize HOTS, over strict rote memorization as the means to help students achieve their highest potential.