The Greenhouse Effect Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Greenhouse Effect - Research Paper Example The greenhouse effect has an impact on the whole system of Global Warming and is considered an important ingredient which works towards this problem. A report published by the United Nations stated that livestock plays a major role in the emission of greenhouse gases and measures should be taken to reduce the livestock. This should be done by lowering the consumption of meat and dairy milk products. However, this view has been challenged by a report presented in the National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. They argue that livestock only has a minor role to play in increasing the greenhouse gases in comparison to the greenhouse gases emitted by transportation. According to this report, the factors which would reduce greenhouse effect is not related to livestock and hence livestock should not be targeted by the experts. They believe that if livestock is to be targeted then it would result in an even drastic effect in the developing countries. The experts believe that rather than reducing the consumption of livestock the measures should target the methods through which livestock is raised. The methods in processing meat related foods should be improvised such that the greenhouse gases emitted in the process are decreased. Currently, the developed countries have such measures through which they can avoid this and hence the developing countries should be targeted in this respect. The developed countries should be targeting their issue of transportation which emits a great number of greenhouse gases. Effective use of sources such as oil and coal should be achieved in these developed countries to reduce the greenhouse effect. In conclusion, it can be said that the livestock should be targeted in such a way that meat consumption should not be decreased but rather measures should be taken to raise effective livestock without decreased emission of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, Â  the most important factor that should be considered regarding the green house gases should be the transportation factor as discussed above.

Ground Zero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ground Zero - Essay Example The tower symbolizes the continuation of the life of the city. It is the highest and the most beautiful and safest tower in America. The Twin Towers were protected against inundation by the river by a slurry wall. Ground Zero Supertower has an ultra-strong concrete core with the fastest elevators in the Western hemisphere. Staircases have been designed extra-wide and pressurized to ensure that they are capable of keeping the smoke out. The underground 9/11 museum has huge archeological significance. I learnt a lot from the view with respect to engineering design and construction methodology. This video revealed the importance of the safety of the core of a building. Structural safety is even more important than aesthetics, and combination of the two makes a wonderful modern-age structure. This video offers something to everybody to connect with; for some, Ground Zero Supertower is where their memories of the loved ones are preserved; for others, it is an innovative and newest engineering

Roles And Purpose Of British Welfare State

Roles And Purpose Of British Welfare State This assignment is going to discuss the roles and purpose of British welfare state. This assignment will look at what welfare state is and the problems which society faced in the past century about the poor people. Also, the first administrative unit of Britain alongside with how poor law passed and the beverage report. This assignment is based on roles and purpose of welfare state. The United Kingdom welfare state was established in 1942 by William Beverage due to the Second World War which caused social problems to the British citizens. The Government stepped forward as to provide for its people by introducing Welfare State as a way of controlling these problems. Welfare state is a response to social problems whereby government undertakes the responsible to safeguard the health and well-being of its people, particularly those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits( Lutz Leistering and Robert Walker 1998). It is based on the principals of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth and public responsibilities of people that lack provision for a good life. The origin of the welfare state was from the 16th century. Britain expected the worst when the Second World War broke up in 1939. Due to war many people were affected by poverty and many lost their jobs which resulted in high unemployment. The majority of the people were living in overcrowded poor housing facilities such as (slums) because council houses were not enough. Diseases were spreading because of lack of clean water, and sick people could not have money to seek treatment and this resulted in many people dying. Due to these events the government policy brought a change towards the care that was provided for the people. Welfare legislation was developed to make sure that everyone had access to quality of life due to the world war. Elizabeth government realised that they would create some system to support people. Parish was the first basic administrative unit in Britain to take responsibility for the people who were poor and also power to force people to pay a local tax to help the poor. People who could not work such as old people and disabled were provided with accommodation in parish houses and also given money called the outdoor relief. However, this caused an impact on the increase of the cost of poor relief. The outdoor relief pay which was given to the poor over in hard times and was regarded as encouraging workers to remain inactive undermining the 19th century principles of thrift and hard work (Frohman, 2008). It was also argued that that the poor law encouraged the growth of poverty. In 1834 a new Poor Law was introduced. People assumed that it would reduce the cost of looking after the poor and they welcomed it. People thought that beggars were going to be taken off the streets and for those people who were poor were going to be encouraged to work hard to support themselves. The new poor law help people to be independent; they should help themselves by making ends meet. The new Poor Law ensured that the poor were housed in workhouses were the ones getting assistant in terms of clothes and food .Children who entered the workhouse would receive some schooling. In return for this care, all workhouse paupers would have to work for several hours each day. The new poor law also help children who entered the work house to be educated it also ensure that the less privilege to get house in return. In reaction, the poor law of 1834 introduced a poor relief which imposed the principle of less eligibility. This new system act took a much harsher line towards help for the poor people whereby strict rules and regulations were put in place for people to follow (Harris, 2004). Families were separated and were not allowed to see each other. The Law stated that no able-bodied person was to receive money or other help from the Poor Law authorities except in a workhouse and the unemployed benefits was to be provided as a last resort. Conditions in the workhouse were intentionally made harsh, in the hope that the poor would seek work elsewhere. In 20th century the poor law was gradually replaced by a new welfare state. During 1906 a liberal government was elected and introduce some reforms.1n 1908 an old age pension came to existence which allow pension to be given to people over 70s, from 1925 pension were paid to men that is over 65 and to women over 60. The national insurance act was passed in 1911 and all employees were made to contribute from their wage and the aim was to build and also for every worker who felt sick was entitled to free treatment were given to every worker that feel sick. The contributions were to help the workers in future in situations when they become ill or out of work. In 1920 the scheme was extended to most people but not all work house became unnecessary and then poor law was abolished.p43 Social Policy Welfare (2000) published by Stanely Thornes ltd. United kingdom By Mark Walsh, Paul Stephens, Stephen Moore In 1920 the scheme was extended to most people but not all work houses became unnecessary and then poor law was abolished. Top of Form Bottom of Form In 1941 an enquiry was established to plan how best to tidy up state welfare. Beveridge seized the opportunity, rewrote the script, and then redesigned the contours of British welfare. By accident the report of the publication of his report was delayed. When it was produced in November 1942 it followed hard on the heels of the Allies first major victory of World War Two. Although largely a creation of ideas including Beveridges which had been around for some time, it was the blueprint for successful to tackle social problems such as the five giants. In 1942 William beverage prepared a report called the Beveridge report regarding the welfare of the individuals on how the government could help people in poverty and also to reduce inequality. This report focused on how Britain could be rebuilt after the war and also how the government should find ways of fighting the five Giant Evils of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. The government was committed to provide care for the people of Britain to ensure that everyone had quality of life. The 1942 beveridge report started in the introduction of welfare state, and involved the main changes and these included the national health service act of 1945 which make benefit available to children and families and the National insurance act this act provides unemployment and sickness some benefits and housing The welfare state was not a response to poverty but was produced to encourage the provision of services for the public. Implementing Beveridge was immediately seen as part of wi nning the peace and also served as the blue print for the British welfare state. In 1945 labour was elected and promised to introduce a welfare state. The welfare state involved introducing new services these included family allowances, the (Laybourn, 1995) this is where a major criticism lies within debates regarding the welfare state within current governments. The government introduced the Education Act 1944 which tackled lack of schooling. The 1946 National Health Act was concerned with improving the quality of health among the population. The 1946 National Insurance Act was created to cover all personal risks such as unemployment and illness.1948 labour government extended the social security and a program of free medical care, Housing, Education and the Welfare of the Children. The National Assistance Act 1948 means- tested for people in lower income below a standard set by government and for unemployed people. In the 1950s the provision of welfare state services became problematic, government interventions at the time didnt help and caused further problems so the Conservative government took over and cut the help given to the poor and sick. This then made the distribution of income more imbalanced and although attempted to make the poor more hardworking and self sufficient it didnt work. The rolling back the state was revolved around the need to cut public spending as a way of reducing impact on public affair. Thatcher (1979-97) promised to reduce taxes and to lower the level of public spending and less state intervention. Thatcher opposed a welfare system and the welfare state began to break down resulted in retreat for housing and pension. The Conservative changed the balance of welfare spending towards health and social security at the expense of education and housing. Thatcher revolution was less radical welfare spending remained stationary between the late 1970s. Thatcher stated that welfare spending was weighing down the international competitiveness and also creating a dependency culture which also was supported by the government and acted to cut back the welfare state (Clasen, 2003). They were some cut back in Housing such as in building, maintenance and subsidization as a way of driving up local authority rent levels (Maclennan and Gibb, 1990). In Social Sec urity welfare bills were introduced by cutting entitlements such as Unemployment Benefit and people were pushed on to means-tested support (Clasen, 2003). Under Child Support Scheme absent parents were required to contribute towards the child maintenance as a way of serving some of the welfare state money. When new labour came into office in 1997 welfare remained in the top priority. Regardless of Conservative critics of the welfare, new labour argued that new welfare policies were needed to improve poverty, inequality, health and education. In conclusion the welfare state was developed due to the number of factors contributed by world war such as unemployment, sickness and poverty.

Students and the Civil Rights Movement During the 1960s Essay

The 1960's was a decade of tremendous social and political upheaval. In the United States, many movements occurred by groups of people seeking to make positive changes in society. During this decade, the Civil Rights movement continued to gain momentum. The black community was continually persecuted and discriminated against by prejudice white individuals and figures of authority. Blacks everywhere struggled to end discrimination. They demanded the right to vote, to receive quality education, and to become respected individuals in the community which shunned them. (Sitkoff 35) Students, in particular, played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960's. Many college students were outraged by social injustices and the intolerance shown by their universities. Many individuals participated in boycotts and sit-ins in an attempt to change their community for the better. (Blumberg 18) The young people during the 1960?s greatly influenced the course of the Civil Rights movement by their efforts and actions. Students played a large role in the desegregation of both public grade schools and universities. College students also form ed and took part in new political groups such as the Black Panther Party and Students for a Democratic Society. (Blumberg 73) Because of their heavy political involvement in the Civil Rights Movement, students across the country created a new institution: the political university. (Curry 77) During the 1960?s, many student riots occurred on college campuses. The majority of the rioters were middle class students seeking a voice in the administration of their school. These riots were violent and sometimes fatal. A major issue during the Civil... ...fectiveness. The 1960?s were a time of great disorder among the young people of the America. Students began to stand up for their rights and fight to improve society, even if it meant turning their backs on the government. During the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960?s a new pattern was brought forth in many universities. The university was no longer just a community of learners and educators, but is suddenly became a political arena. But many tend to forget that the majority of the nations 6,700,000 college students were studying peacefully and not causing any trouble in the community (Curry 106). During this time, many changes were brought about in society, some being positive and others being negative. Because of their great passion and effort, students may be considered the most influential group of people during this critical period in history.

Disney Company

External EnvironmentThe Disney Company is renowned throughout the world as a leading media and entertainment company in the world. The external environment for this company is vast and has several effects on the company’s operations and performance and progress. The environment includes competitors such as News Corporation and AOL Time Warner Inc, resources, technology, and the economic circumstances that influence the organization.With media and entertainment companies experiencing a boom with a wider consumer and viewer base it is not easy to compete in the industry. Disney analyzes its general as well as its task environment thoroughly to fish for opportunities and threats. In the following text, we will identify two direct and two indirect forces have the potential to affect the company progress.Direct ForcesDirect forces or forces from the task environment include all those forces that are closer to the organization. They conduct day-to-day transactions with the company a nd have a major influence on the company’s performance and basic operations. The forces which come under this category include customers, competitors, suppliers and the labor market. We would be analyzing customers and competitors.CustomersThe Disney customers are highly important for Disney. The bargaining power of customers is also high. The customers decide what price they are willing to pay for a movie, what price they are willing to pay at the entrance of Disney’s theme parks and lastly but most importantly the unique customer experience they desire. Therefore customers, as recipients of Disney’s services, determine the company’s success and future growth.If Disney slacks any one of these three crucial touch points it would lose its market share to other rivals. Mottos for Disney, thus, revolve around the customers like one which reads â€Å"Be so nice to the guests so that they can’t believe it†. Disney looks for chances to create magi cal moments for its customers and always making them smile. Customers are what make up Disney and if it wasn’t for these customers Disney wouldn’t have been where it is now.CompetitorsDisney faces a range of competitors both at a local and international level. Since the Disney Company has been able to tap a very distinctive niche in the industry and has a stronghold, the barriers to entry do exist for the animated entertainment industry. Despite these barriers competition also exists. Disney has been able to establish a mark in the movie business and the Network-television department where several powerful rivals do exist making it extremely risky.Moreover, new cartoon figures appear every day in television shows and in movie theaters overseas. The recent merger of AOL and Time Warner poses a great threat to Disney. Moreover, Viacom and Fox Entertainment are other big competitors. In order to safeguard its position as the leading media conglomerate, Disney must continu ously invest in technological and operational improvements.Indirect ForcesIndirect forces or forces from the general environment are forces that affect the organization indirectly. It embodies the outer layer of the organizational environment. These forces aren’t involved with the organizations day-to-day activities but do affect the organization’s progress and performance overtime. These indirect forces include several dimensions like technological, international, socio-cultural, economic and legal-political but we will focus on technological and international dimensions.  Technological DimensionThe Disney Company provides entertainment through animation and animation and technology have a very strong link. Superior animation is supported through superior technology therefore it is imperative for Disney to be up-to-date with technology. With scientific and technological advancements occurring at an astounding pace it is often hard for companies to keep up but it is crucial for them to do so. Newer competitors are using the latest world technology and providing customers with better experiences, Disney should do the same in order to maintain its position.International DimensionEvents occurring in other foreign countries also have a strong potential to affect Disney’s progress. Since Disney operates theme parks in France, Japan, Hong Kong and USA and furthermore operates its own cruise line as well, events and relations with other countries are of great importance. This international environment also provides new competitors, customers and suppliers and also forms social, technological and economic trends which Disney has to adapt to.ConclusionDisney is the world’s leading entertainment company but does face many challenges and threats within its environment in terms of direct and indirect forces which have the potential to affect its operations, performance and future growth. It is imperative for Disney to analyze these forces car efully and flex its operations and strategies in accordance to them. References Book Jones, G. R. (2007). Contemporary Management. 5th Edition, illustrated, revised. Mc Graw-Hill Companies Wood, J. C (2002). Henri Fayol: Critical evaluations in business and management. Illustrated edition. Taylor & Francis Online Journal/Article Fine, J (2008). Disney Emerges a Winner. Business Week, Retrieved June 10, 2009.

Hunger Games Book Report Essay

â€Å"The Hunger Games† is a the first book in a fantastic series of three books written by Suzanne Collins. It takes you into the life of a scared but quick-thinking, brave girl named Katniss Everdeen who learns how to survive on her own from a very young age when her father died in a mining accident. From that day on, she took care of her little family (mother and little sister, Prim) as well as herself by hunting in the woods of District 12 everyday with her guy friend Gale (who might have a thing for her but no one really knows). District 12 was one of the twelve districts that made up the country of Panem. Panem was once the continent of North America. When an epidemic swept through the continent of North America, Panem was formed and, the people who lived under the rules set by the capitol did not like it. They rebelled against the capitol and lost. Now, every year, children’s names, ages 12 through 18, are put into a bowl and drawn out during a ceremony known as â€Å"The Reaping. † This is a dreaded time and no one wants to be a part of it because they know that if their names are drawn, it is almost like a death sentence. When a name is called, you are then taken and thrown into what is known as â€Å"The Hunger Games. † Our narrator, main character, and hero also known as Katniss Everdeen, offered herself as a tribute in place of her younger sister Prim in an effort to save her life. When her and Peeta Mellark (the boy tribute from district 12) were taken off to the capitol, they went through some pretty intense training and in the end, well, you’ll have to read the book to find out what happened but it was sort of an unexpected ending. This book was so good because it kept you on your toes the whole time. I would rate it a solid 9. 5. I gave it that high of a rating because, the unexpected seemed to happen a lot and things popped up all the time out of no where. The book also kept a good pace and there weren’t to many dull moments; there was just enough detail that you could picture what was going on in your head while the story kept moving. The only thing that I did not like about this book was the fact that it seemed almost too futuristic. Yes, it is true that the story takes place millions of years from our present day but, it seemed almost to realistic. Crazy is a good word that describes what some of the people acted like that lived in the capitol. In all though, I really did think that this was a very good book and I would suggest it to anyone who was considering reading it.

How to Write a Thesis in Religious Studies Ultimate Guide and 15 Amazing Topics

How to Write a Thesis in Religious Studies Ultimate Guide and 15 Amazing Topics Writing a thesis in Religious Studies gives Religion majors a great opportunity to conduct an original and thoughtful research on the topic they have chosen and test their analytical and interpretive skills. Writing this culminating academic assignment in students’ scholarly career is rather challenging so in this article, we give you general guidelines that will support you at the beginning of the writing process. Besides, we will provide you with a short list of winning thesis topics in Religious Studies. If you struggle with writing any other college project, at our website, you can also find full guides to all writing assignments out there. Specifics of Writing a Thesis in Religious Studies Religious studies is an interdisciplinary field and due to this fact, studying religion is so interesting. But the interdisciplinary nature of this subject makes writing papers in it very challenging because students are expected to use a variety of methods and theories many of which are used in other fields of study. Nevertheless, this discipline has its own unique conventions of writing as well. Writing a thesis as well as other papers in Religious Studies takes place not in a faith-oriented community but in an academic environment. The goal of your research project is not to support or argue against different supernatural religious concepts such as, for example, the idea of reincarnation because they are metaphysical and we can’t prove them with relevant evidence available to everyone. The goal of Religious Studies is to explore and interpret religion from the perspective that can be shared by people regardless of whether they believe in the existence of a god or are atheists. You need to approach religious concepts without applying the religious perspective. Wondering how you can do that? Since Religious Studies is an interdisciplinary field, you can take advantage of numerous modes of investigation, including anthropological, sociological, cultural, historical, and literary. Using these approaches, you will be able to study religious phenomena (rituals and beliefs) in the context. Every religion was developed and exists in a specific context. When you explore the context of certain concepts and traditions, they can become more comprehensible. This interdisciplinary approach is very important when you analyze evidence and make arguments. Keep in mind that you shouldn’t base your argument on your personal beliefs. Do your best to avoid bias when evaluating evidence and making your conclusions because you won’t be able to convince your readers who may have different beliefs and don’t share your assumptions. An argument in academic writing can’t be based on faith or received the tradition. Your final paper in Religious Studies should present a reasoned argument which has no signs of your personal religious beliefs. How to Choose an Interesting Topic for Your Thesis in Religious Studies Choosing a good topic is a very important step in the thesis writing process. You should choose a topic you are interested in and consult with one of the members of the Religious Studies departmental faculty for additional suggestions. If they approve your choice, you need to develop a scholarly research question that relates to important issues, specifics or dynamics of religious practice in ancient or contemporary society. You can also explore several issues tied together and perform multidisciplinary study. Your research subjects may involve exploring rituals, texts, art, music, places, material objects, persons, and the like. For example, you can explore Hindu rituals honoring deities and compare them with Chinese folk rituals connected with honoring ancestors. You may provide critical analysis of sacred texts, for example, the biblical book of Genesis, and treat them as literary sources – explore their motifs, themes and perform a character analysis. Religious Studies doesn’t rely only on religious texts so you may do critical reading of non-sacred religious literature and even fiction, for example, you may analyze Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales to discover how it reveals specific aspects of medieval Christianity. Your topics may involve historical study of religion, for example, you can examine literary history of Persian religious poetry. Your research may relate to ethnographic studies and you should use anthropology research methods. Have a look at this short list of topic ideas for your thesis in Religious Studies. Magic and Religion in The Middle Ages; Gender Issues in The Bible; Early Christian Literature; Comparative Study of Islam and Christianity; Analysis of Arabic Religious Texts; Science and Religion in The Renaissance; Theme of Hospitality in the Old Testament; Poetic Etymology and Biblical Naming; Islam in Europe; Celtic Spirituality; Evolution of The Hindu God Shiva; Buddhist Understanding of The Essence of Humans; The conception of Satan in Christianity; Religious Symbols in Judaism; Religious Identity During the Restoration. Doing Research and Planning Your Thesis in Religious Studies When you have chosen a wide subject area, you should read appropriate primary and secondary sources (or/and conduct field research) and create an interesting and arguable thesis statement that will communicate your original idea or synthesize your research. Your thesis statement should show some specific insight. For example, your thesis statement may look like this: ‘Sartre believes that God’s non-existence has no impact on morality because human essence can be the basis for morality even without any God.’ Your next step is to determine what methods will be the most appropriate for doing research and presenting the findings. Then you should think about the structure of your thesis and create an outline with the structure that best supports your argument. To understand this, you should always take into account your research question. You should follow the traditional structure of multi-chapter presentation of research evidence and original analysis that supports a strong thesis statement. Your final paper may include the following sections: abstract, introduction, literature review, methods, findings, discussion, conclusions. Consider using both primary and secondary sources to draw evidence for your thesis. Now let’s discuss how to write each part of your thesis in detail. Writing Sections in a Thesis in Religious Studies The abstract should be no longer than 350 words. This part of your thesis is written last but we discuss it first to help you see how your final project should be structured. A good abstract provides an overview of your paper, is concise and readable. Your task here is to explain why your thesis is significant. You need to tell what you did in your thesis in religious studies. You should name your methods and present key results. The introduction should be longer than the abstract. This part provides the background information to your topic and tells about the previous research in this area. You may tell about the gap in the existing knowledge and explain how your project fills this gap. You need to state your thesis statement or research question and can include here an outline of the next chapters. The literature review may be a part of the introduction or you may write a separate section. You need to summarize everything you have ever read about your subject and evaluate the previous research on your topic. You should tell what gap in the existing knowledge you are making an attempt to fill. The methods section provides an overview of different methods that you used to investigate your subject, gather evidence, and analyze the results. Your goal in this chapter is to provide all the necessary information so that your readers will be able to assess your results and replicate your research. Besides, you need to explain your limitations and validity. You should limit your citations to sources where your readers could find complete descriptions of procedures. Findings present an outline of all the information that you have gathered to answer your research question. You need to include the results of your research and give quick comments on your results. Sometimes, this section is combined with discussion and includes generalized comments. Use subheadings to break this chapter into logical segments. The discussion section summarizes the key results and tells about the most important patterns in your findings. You need to comment on your results and explain what these findings mean. If you found something unexpected, you need to provide an explanation. You need to interpret your results in relation to your research question. You should avoid making broad generalizations if you can’t back them with solid evidence. This section can include a lot of references to similar works that provide the background information necessary for the interpretation of your findings. The conclusion is a very important section where you emphasize that the objectives of your research were achieved. You should summarize your insights, speak about the limitations, and make a suggestion about further research. Revising a Thesis in Religious Studies Actually, since we use computers for creating papers and other documents, we understand revision as a constant process. When we change words, delete sentences, cut and paste, we are revising. But revision is also a specific step in the writing process which requires that you should re-think the entire paper or its chapters and rewrite them. Although revising may take a lot of time, it helps improve the quality of your papers and enhances your writing skills. During revision, you should make an effort to see your thesis in religious studies from different angles and different perspectives. Revision means making big changes in your thesis paper to improve flow, development, and focus. You may want to make a large-scale revision. You should look at the entire thesis to find places that need improvement. You might need to define some terms, add some evidence or add a new point to your argument. You may need to restructure your thesis or rewrite the most important chapters if you decide that the new structure will be more efficient than the previous one. A small-scale revision happens when you see that some part of your thesis doesn’t work. Maybe the part where you present the background information in your introduction needs rewriting or you notice that some part of your argument is not strong enough. When you discover a problem, you should focus on a specific part of your thesis and revise it. When you finish revising a certain section, you should reconsider the entire thesis paper to ensure that the changes you have made work well in the context of the whole paper. Editing and Proofreading Your Thesis Sometimes, students confuse revising and editing while these are different processes. When you revise, you fix big problems in the text and when you edit, you deal with minor problems that you can easily fix by deleting a word or a sentence, by cutting and pasting a paragraph, etc. You should edit your thesis in Religious Studies with your readers in mind and make sure that your paper is readable, clear, and interesting. Before you start the editing process, you should be sure that you are using a consistent style when writing and formatting your thesis. You should consider issues with the language (grammar and spelling), consistency (in using terms, abbreviation, citation/referencing style, and tense), and logical progression of ideas. You should also make sure that your chapters and paragraphs are concise. Try to be as direct and succinct as possible. You can critique the following typical aspects of writing: the overall balance and logic of your thesis; using transition words and phrases and linking the content; clarity of the explanation; coherence of the argument; economy of word use and the length of sentences. For example, when editing for consistency, you should review such elements like consistent use of either numbering or bullet points for lists, consistent formatting of headings and sub-headings, consistency in numbering diagrams, tables, appendices, etc. Proofreading is the last step in the editing process when you are looking for spelling, grammar and punctuation errors, for example, mixing up singular and plural, misplaced or missing apostrophes, duplication of words, faulty abbreviations, too much space between two words, etc. When proofreading, it’s better to take a structured approach and focus on specific potential problems instead of trying to notice all types of problems at once. During your final check, you should also pay attention to referencing format and make sure it is accurate. You should proofread thoroughly and systematically and pay attention to the slightest detail. We have discussed the key steps in writing a thesis in Religious Studies. We hope our easy step-by-step writing guide will help you write a powerful thesis paper that will make a great impression on the committee.

The Ethical Implications of Embryonic Stem Cell Research essays

The Ethical Implications of Embryonic Stem Cell Research essays Technology seemingly never stops growing and changing. And why should it? Just as every human being changes with experience and age, so then do our creations. Unfortunately, it is in our collective nature as humans to be afraid of change. Change inevitably raises moral questions within us, removing us from the simplistic routine of daily life and placing us in the uncomfortable realm of controversy. When big changes happen, its as if a fellow human has just died it makes us re-evaluate our lives and the effect that such an event will have on them. Such is the case with embryonic stem cell research. Stem cell research, in and of itself, is not a new technology. Scientists and doctors have used adult stem cells for treatments on various blood diseases for years. No one is hurt in such a situation, and the Hippocratic oath is preserved. The issue of embryonic stem cell research is different, though. Embryonic stem cells are the very basis of human tissue, and therefore can replace almost any functional tissue in the human body, whereas adult stem cells are already grown and therefore cannot be given other tasks. Scientists remove the stem cells from embryonic tissue known as blastocysts, and as a result the embryo dies (Latham). Thus, the controversy - is this blastocyst, which, if allowed to continue growing, will become a normal human baby if in vitro fertilization is used, human at this point? If so, what is the difference between killing an embryo and killing a normal human? Not as simple an issue as it at first seemed, eh? Perhaps youre already noting the similarities between this and that other issue of playing God at birth, abortion. As such, theres two definite positions at play here, with the requisite grays in the middle too. Complicated and somewhat vague conjecture regarding exactly when humans get souls has arisen, as well as the basic questions. Is the child a li...

Amu Scin138 Lab 9

0 Points Question 1 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 1 through 3 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 2. Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 11. How long ago was the igneous rock in rock unit B formed? A. 352 mya B. 380 mya C. 704 mya D. 1408 mya Answer Key: A Question 2 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 12. How long ago was the igneous rock in rock unit C formed? A. 70. 4 mya B. 140. 8 mya C. 352 mya D. 704 mya Answer Key: B Question 3 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 13. How long ago was the metamorphic rock in rock unit G formed? A. 625 mya B. 704 mya C. 1250 mya D. 2500 mya Answer Key: C Question 4 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 4 through 8 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 3. 4. Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 14. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer A formed? A. 65. 5–145. 5 mya B. 201. 6–145. 5 mya C. 251–201. 6 mya D. 299–251 mya Answer Key: B Question 5 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer A formed? A. Cretaceous Period B. Triassic Period C. Jurassic Period D. Cambrian Period Answer Key: C Question 6 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 15. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer D formed? A. 251–299 mya B. 359–299 mya C. 416–359 mya D. 444–416 mya Answer Key: D Question 7 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer D formed? A. Permian Period B. Devonian Period C. Silurian Period D. Ordovician Period Answer Key: C Question 8 of 31 3. 0/ 3. Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 16. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer E formed? A. 444–416 mya B. 488–444 mya C. 542–488 mya D. 1000–542 mya Answer Key: B Question 9 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer E formed? A. Permian Period B. Devonian Period C. Silurian Period D. Ordovician Period Answer Key: D Question 10 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 17. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer F formed? A. 444–416 mya B. 488–444 mya C. 542–488 mya D. 000–542 mya Answer Key: C Question 11 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer F formed? A. Cambrian Period B. Triassic Period C. Carboniferous Period D. Tertiary Period Answer Key: A Question 12 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 18. What is the least amount of time that could have passed during the hiatus represented by younger unconformity seen in Figure 9. 12? A. 101 million years B. 150. 4 million years. C. 206. 6 million years D. 286 million years Answer Key: B Question 13 of 31 3. 0/ 3. Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 19. What is the least amount of time that could have passed during the hiatus represented by the older unconformity seen in Figure 9. 12 ? A. 708 million years B. 762 million years. C. 1333 million years D. 1958 million years Answer Key: A Question 14 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points 14. Which of the following principles is NOT used in determining the relative age of rocks? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Original Horizontality C. Principle of Superposition D. Principle of Vertical Continuity Answer Key: D Question 15 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 4 through 8 are based on Figure 9. 17 on page 208 of your lab book. Determine the relative age each of the geologic structures shown in the geologic cross section below (Figure 9. 17) from youngest to oldest; then answer the questions below. As before, a wiggly line running across the geologic cross section indicates an unconformity and a fault is indicated with a bold straight line. Which is the youngest geologic structure in Figure 9. 17? A. E B. A C. B D. D Answer Key: B Question 16 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which is the oldest geologic structure in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. F D. D Answer Key: D Question 17 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which letter represents an unconformity in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. E D. F Answer Key: C Question 18 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which letter represents a fault in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. E D. F Answer Key: D Feedback: F Question 19 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What is the proper order of geologic structures B, C, D, and F in Figure 9. 17 from oldest to youngest? A. F, B, C, D B. D, C, B, F C. D, F, B, C D. B, C, F, D Answer Key: B Question 20 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What relative dating principle states that in a sequence of sedimentary rocks, unless overturned, the oldest beds are at the bottom and the youngest beds are at the top? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Inclusion C. Principle of Superposition D. Principle of Original Horizontality Answer Key: C Question 21 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What relative dating principle states that fossils in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers succeed one another in a definite, recognizable order? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Faunal Succession C. Principle of Inclusion D. Principle of Superposition Answer Key: B Question 22 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points The Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships states that A. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. B. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. C. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across. D. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks. Answer Key: C Question 23 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points The Principle of Lateral Continuity states A. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. B. layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin. C. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. D. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks. Answer Key: B Question 24 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between two parallel sedimentary layers? A. a disco nformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: A Question 25 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between a sedimentary layer and an igneous or metamorphic rock body? A. a disconformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: B Question 26 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between a tilted sedimentary strata and a horizontal overlying layer? A. a disconformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: C Question 27 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points If a sample of radioactive material contains a parent isotope with a half-life of 3 years, then at the end of 6 years A. all of the parent isotope remains. B. half of the parent isotope remains. C. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains. D. one-ninth of the parent isotope remains. Answer Key: C Question 28 of 31 9. 0/ 9. 0 Points Questions 28 and 29 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 1. 1. Record your answers to Lab Exercise, Step 1, Questions 1 through 9. List each of the geologic features shown in Figure 9. 12 from youngest to oldest. C (youngest rock unit A H B D E F I G (oldest rock unit) Answer Key: C, a, h, b, d, e, f, i, G Feedback: ___C____ (youngest rock unit) ___A___ ___H___ ___B___ ___D___ ___E___ ___F___ ___I___ ___G___ (oldest rock unit) Question 29 of 31 4. / 4. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 1, Question 10. What letters represents unconformities, and what type of unconformities are they? H is a(n) Angular unconformity ; I is a(n) Nonconformity . Answer Key: an* un*, non* Question 30 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of a once-living organism. Answer Key: fos* Question 31 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points An index fossil is a fossil of an organism that was common and had widespread geographic distribution during a short period of time in Earth’s history. Answer Key: ind*, fos* Amu Scin138 Lab 9 0 Points Question 1 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 1 through 3 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 2. Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 11. How long ago was the igneous rock in rock unit B formed? A. 352 mya B. 380 mya C. 704 mya D. 1408 mya Answer Key: A Question 2 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 12. How long ago was the igneous rock in rock unit C formed? A. 70. 4 mya B. 140. 8 mya C. 352 mya D. 704 mya Answer Key: B Question 3 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 2, Question 13. How long ago was the metamorphic rock in rock unit G formed? A. 625 mya B. 704 mya C. 1250 mya D. 2500 mya Answer Key: C Question 4 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 4 through 8 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 3. 4. Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 14. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer A formed? A. 65. 5–145. 5 mya B. 201. 6–145. 5 mya C. 251–201. 6 mya D. 299–251 mya Answer Key: B Question 5 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer A formed? A. Cretaceous Period B. Triassic Period C. Jurassic Period D. Cambrian Period Answer Key: C Question 6 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 15. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer D formed? A. 251–299 mya B. 359–299 mya C. 416–359 mya D. 444–416 mya Answer Key: D Question 7 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer D formed? A. Permian Period B. Devonian Period C. Silurian Period D. Ordovician Period Answer Key: C Question 8 of 31 3. 0/ 3. Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 16. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer E formed? A. 444–416 mya B. 488–444 mya C. 542–488 mya D. 1000–542 mya Answer Key: B Question 9 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer E formed? A. Permian Period B. Devonian Period C. Silurian Period D. Ordovician Period Answer Key: D Question 10 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 17. How long ago were the fossils found in Layer F formed? A. 444–416 mya B. 488–444 mya C. 542–488 mya D. 000–542 mya Answer Key: C Question 11 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points During what period were the fossils in Layer F formed? A. Cambrian Period B. Triassic Period C. Carboniferous Period D. Tertiary Period Answer Key: A Question 12 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 18. What is the least amount of time that could have passed during the hiatus represented by younger unconformity seen in Figure 9. 12? A. 101 million years B. 150. 4 million years. C. 206. 6 million years D. 286 million years Answer Key: B Question 13 of 31 3. 0/ 3. Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 3, Question 19. What is the least amount of time that could have passed during the hiatus represented by the older unconformity seen in Figure 9. 12 ? A. 708 million years B. 762 million years. C. 1333 million years D. 1958 million years Answer Key: A Question 14 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points 14. Which of the following principles is NOT used in determining the relative age of rocks? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Original Horizontality C. Principle of Superposition D. Principle of Vertical Continuity Answer Key: D Question 15 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Questions 4 through 8 are based on Figure 9. 17 on page 208 of your lab book. Determine the relative age each of the geologic structures shown in the geologic cross section below (Figure 9. 17) from youngest to oldest; then answer the questions below. As before, a wiggly line running across the geologic cross section indicates an unconformity and a fault is indicated with a bold straight line. Which is the youngest geologic structure in Figure 9. 17? A. E B. A C. B D. D Answer Key: B Question 16 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which is the oldest geologic structure in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. F D. D Answer Key: D Question 17 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which letter represents an unconformity in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. E D. F Answer Key: C Question 18 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points Which letter represents a fault in Figure 9. 17? A. A B. C C. E D. F Answer Key: D Feedback: F Question 19 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What is the proper order of geologic structures B, C, D, and F in Figure 9. 17 from oldest to youngest? A. F, B, C, D B. D, C, B, F C. D, F, B, C D. B, C, F, D Answer Key: B Question 20 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What relative dating principle states that in a sequence of sedimentary rocks, unless overturned, the oldest beds are at the bottom and the youngest beds are at the top? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Inclusion C. Principle of Superposition D. Principle of Original Horizontality Answer Key: C Question 21 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What relative dating principle states that fossils in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers succeed one another in a definite, recognizable order? A. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships B. Principle of Faunal Succession C. Principle of Inclusion D. Principle of Superposition Answer Key: B Question 22 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points The Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships states that A. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. B. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. C. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across. D. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks. Answer Key: C Question 23 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points The Principle of Lateral Continuity states A. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. B. layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin. C. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. D. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks. Answer Key: B Question 24 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between two parallel sedimentary layers? A. a disco nformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: A Question 25 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between a sedimentary layer and an igneous or metamorphic rock body? A. a disconformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: B Question 26 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points What type of unconformity appears between a tilted sedimentary strata and a horizontal overlying layer? A. a disconformity B. a nonconformity C. an angular unconformity D. a sedimentary nonconformity Answer Key: C Question 27 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points If a sample of radioactive material contains a parent isotope with a half-life of 3 years, then at the end of 6 years A. all of the parent isotope remains. B. half of the parent isotope remains. C. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains. D. one-ninth of the parent isotope remains. Answer Key: C Question 28 of 31 9. 0/ 9. 0 Points Questions 28 and 29 are based on the Lab Exercise, Step 1. 1. Record your answers to Lab Exercise, Step 1, Questions 1 through 9. List each of the geologic features shown in Figure 9. 12 from youngest to oldest. C (youngest rock unit A H B D E F I G (oldest rock unit) Answer Key: C, a, h, b, d, e, f, i, G Feedback: ___C____ (youngest rock unit) ___A___ ___H___ ___B___ ___D___ ___E___ ___F___ ___I___ ___G___ (oldest rock unit) Question 29 of 31 4. / 4. 0 Points Record your answer to Lab Exercise, Step 1, Question 10. What letters represents unconformities, and what type of unconformities are they? H is a(n) Angular unconformity ; I is a(n) Nonconformity . Answer Key: an* un*, non* Question 30 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points A fossil is the preserved remains or traces of a once-living organism. Answer Key: fos* Question 31 of 31 3. 0/ 3. 0 Points An index fossil is a fossil of an organism that was common and had widespread geographic distribution during a short period of time in Earth’s history. Answer Key: ind*, fos*

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"What are the impacts of video games and how do they affect contemporary society" - Essay Example The history of video gaming can be traced back to 1940 when Edward U. Condon designed a computer that played a traditional game known as Nim in which players try to avoid picking up the last matchstick (Kent 2001). Many people play the game, but the computer wins most of the time. In 1947, Thomas T. Goldsmith and Estle Ray Mann made a cathode ray amusement tube hooked to an oscilloscope. It challenged players to fir a gun at a certain target. In 1950, Claude Shannon together with other Englishmen created chess programs. The breakthrough came in 1952 when A. S. Douglass created OXO. This game was known as Noughta and Crosses in the UK and tic-to in the USA. Douglass created the game as part of research on human-computer interactions for his doctoral dissertation. In 1958, Engineer William A. Higginbotham who had previously helped build the first atomic bomb invented an interactive computer game, Tennis for two to entertain visitors at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This led to the anticipation of later video games such as Pong. In 1959, students at MIT created mouse in the maze. In this game, users drew a maze with a light pen and then a mouse navigates the labyrinth in search of cheese (Kent, 2001). In 1962, Steven Russell in MIT created Space war. This was the first computer based video game. In this, game two spaceships battled to the death in space. This game spread quickly to other universities and research centers. In 1963, the US department of defense completed a game showing their victory in the battle field (Bower 2014).This was followed by a creed by Dartmouth â€Å"everyone is a programmer† by creating a computer time-share system and basic programming language. The program made it easy for students to experiment and create their games. As a result, many other video games were developed. In 1965, a Dartmouth student created the first computer football game. In 1966, Ralph conceived the idea of playing a

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John Lewis and Marks and Spencer - Case Study Example One of the policies was that items can be refunded back to customers as long as they had receipts even if the products had been purchased a long time ago. The Company recorded a profit of slightly over half a billion pounds in the year 2006. M& S also boasts of having a large employee base-it has close to seventy one thousand staff members under its wing. John Lewis was a company is also another retail chain of stores that is slightly smaller than the former mentioned Company. John Lewis (JL) has one hundred and twelve super markets and twenty six stores under its name. There are sixty eight thousand employees working for the Company. JL is well known for the way it shares profits and partners Legislations have been passed that regulate developments which take up green areas; this has limited expansion of M& S stores. The European Commission is working on laws that are related to how M& S closed stores in France especially the way it handled its employees. (www.euractiv.com) lastly, the government requires adherence to high standards in the food industry; M&S has to comply with those standards in its food section. M&S has changed its supply management from Chain management to inventory management. Storey et al (2003) ascertain that this is the reason why M&S is thriving in the retail sector. The company has to face stiff competition from other retailers who also have international markets; it has to incorporate knowledge management and outsourcing to stay ahead. M&S also faces renewed competition from new retailers following the introduction of the European Union. Legal M&S has to perform internal controls and assessments in compliance with the Turnbull report (2007). Also, the company has to follow government regulations that affect corporate governance. Social According to Mellahi et al (2002), the company faces resistance from staff members who may not want to comply with changes in the organisation. M&S also has to make a lot of changes in relation to factors affecting consumer behaviour. Some of these factors are health consciousness causing increased preference for organic foods, rejection of sweatshop labour and products that are safe, preference for products that can be micro waved. Technological The company has to consider internet shopping. It has come up with new products in line with technological advancements like laser scanning. Technology has brought a shift in the retail market to a diffuse international market. Environmental According to the annual report (2007), M&S has adopted Eco plan A, which affects the way the company manages its waste. The company has engaged in campaigns that promote animal welfare. Lastly, the company has introduced use of bags that can be recycled. John Lewis Political A modification has been introduced by the EU Aerosol Dispensers Directive that limits filling to 90%; JL has to comply. The company's name has been tarnished after it sold Unite- a Union. This showed that it does not reward loyal members of staff. Economic The company is facing competition from international markets; it also has to deal with the challenge of credit markets. In light of these factors, the company has decreased its operating costs and may get profits in the future. JL has a strong position in the organic market

Dollar General Corporation Essay Example for Free

Dollar General Corporation Essay Abstract Dollar General Corporation is United States largest small-box discount retailer headquartered in Goodlettsville, Tennessee [1]. Dollar General offers both name brand products and generic merchandise [2]. Its competitors include Family Dollar, Dollar Tree which also operate in deep discount segment of US retailing. The following case study discusses about the various political, economic, social and technological forces that Dollar General have faced and their impact on the company. The report also talks about the critical success factors of Dollar General. The report is concluded by summary of key learning’s from the case study. PEST Analysis for Dollar General Political: In the year of 2006, Janet Calvert, a former store manager, filed a complaint that she was paid less than the male storage managers because of her gender, in violation of the Equal Pay Act and title VII of Civil Rights act of 1964. There were other plaintiffs which were added to this case. This case resulted in Dollar General reaching a settlement in principle, by which it would pay $15.5 million to the plaintiffs and their legal charges costing around $3.25 million. The company was expected to receive reimbursement of $15.9 million from its Employment Practices Liability Insurance if these payments were approved by the court. This case did impact Dollar General Approach towards pay setting policies and procedures for new store managers [3]. Economic: During the recession period from 2007-2009, the customers of Dollar stores suffered from unemployment and lower purchasing power. And even the people from higher income brackets started purchasing the dollar store products fo r seeking larger bargains. This led to the increase in the customer traffic and larger sales for Dollar stores. Dollar general  captivated upon this scenario and continually reviewed its merchandise mix, and adjusted it accordingly. It expanded its offerings of consumable goods to serve customers’ needs and increased its sales [3]. Dollar General captured trade-down shoppers who came from middle and higher level of incomes (who generally had not shopped at dollar stores for all these years, but came during the recession to find bargains). Over the time the company adjusted its pricing strategy for items by pricing it from $1 to no more than $10. And managers of this company also believed that the company’s ability to attract customers of varying economic status depends on offering both national and store brands [3]. This way Dollar General was able to satisfy the customers of varying economic status, which resulted in more sales and profit for the company. Social: Consumer psychology during the recession period was to get the products at a lower price and the store to be available at a convenient distance (not too far). During this time Dollar General varied its price from $1 to no more than $10 and offered consumable goods at a very reasonable price. And it has also opened new stores within the reach of 3 to 5 miles, so that every customer is able to get easy access to their neighbourhood store [3]. This resulted in satisfying customer’s need as well as increasing company’s sales. Technology: During the year 2008 when the cost of the fuel increased, the Dollar General’s distribution costs went up and the company’s gross profit was affected. In order to mitigate this problem, the company completed the installation of a voice pick system by the year 2010 in all the distribution centres, so that the employees in the distribution centres can communicate with warehouse software systems by speech recognition [3]. This was a good strategic move by the company as its use is expected to increase rapidly over the next few years with evolving technological advancements. The company also installed new analytical and monitoring tools to assist with inventory shrinkage reduction efforts [3], which was a major part of company’s effort to increase gross margin. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS’s for Dollar General In this case for instance, good leadership and management was a CSF for Dollar General. As we can see that, there was major expansion of business activities and stores with the entry of David Perdue (the company’s new  general manager) in the year 2003. In addition, the company through his leadership also initiated Project Alpha, which was based on extensive analysis of performance of each store and the company’s inventory management model. Few of the structural changes that company undergone during this project include shutting down over 400 underperforming stores and writing off old inventory. These strategic alignments have been the major part of company’s CSF, as it was able to focus more on most viable stores and new inventories which have led the company into high effectiveness in their business activities [4]. Moreover, the company specialized in low, middle and fixed income families as their major customers. This has been used as the company’s CS F, as this group forms the largest proportion in the market. Even though the purchasing power of this category is low when compared to the higher segments in U.S. but their huge population is a contributory factor for success of the company [4]. Dollar General Social responsibility Rick Dreiling, Chairman and CEO of Dollar General, explained the company’s commitment towards literacy through the Dollar General Literacy Foundation program. The company actively engages customers in a way: â€Å"At each and every cash register of a Dollar General store, customers get to learn about the Dollar General Literacy Foundation program through brochures with a postage-paid reply card that can be mailed in for a referral to a local organization that offers exclusively free literacy services. Further, they also have the opportunity to donate money to this worthy cause. In 2012, Dollar General Customers donated more than $10 million to directly benefit the Dollar General Literacy Foundation’s efforts in helping people learn how to read, speak English or get their General Education Diploma (GED) [5].† Key learning’s from the case From this case one can clearly understand that Dollar General played its cards right. When there was recession, the company retained its regular customers and attracted new customers by adjusting sales mix in order to drive more customer traffic and larger purchases. It expanded its stores by taking the advantage of weak real estate market to lower its operating costs for future years. Careful management of merchandise categories had allowed  Dollar General to increase its same-store sales. Private label brands during recession helped increase the growth of the company. These all strategic moves which were made under efficient leadership and management transformed the company into a leader in the dollar store retail sector with sales of more than $13 billion by 2011 [3]. References [1] Dollar General, Retrieved October 11 2014, http://www2.dollargeneral.com/About-Us/pages/Index.aspx [2] Dollar General, Retrieved October 11 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General [3] Parnell, John A. (2014). Strategic Management: Theory and Practice. 4th edition. SAGE Publications. [4] Dollar General Case Memo Marketing Essay, Retrieved October 11 2014, http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/dollar-general-case-memo-marketing-essay.php [5] Amway, GM, and Dollar General among corporations making ‘Good’ A Goal, Retrieved October 10 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2013/08/29/amway-gm-and-dollar-general-among-corporations-making-good-a-goal/2/

Overview Of The Economic Growth Of Poland Economics Essay

Overview Of The Economic Growth Of Poland Economics Essay Polands economy looked bleak during the 1980s. Few would consider Poland as a business hub due to its low economic growth and soaring inflation rate (Nuti, 1986). Fast-forward to the 21st century, Polands economy has changed tremendously. It is not just the only European country to survive the current recession but it is still experiencing rapid growth  [1]  . What could have possibly instigated Polands this drastic change in the time span of only 2 decades? This essay will use the PESTLE  [2]  analysis to understand the positive force that initiated the economic growth and also examine the causes that might hinder Polands future economic growth. Porters Diamond will be used for the critical evaluation and support of the PESTLE analysis. Political Reform The fall of communism in 1989 had led to vast improvements in Polands economy. One might disagree with that because the event took place over 20 years ago, however, the effect of political change does not happen overnight and there would be a time lag involved (Gillespie, 1999). The most significant change after the fall of communism is in stabilising the country. Poland is the 29th politically most stable country with the index score of 4.5 (Economic Intelligence Unit, 2009). This provides a sense of security for investment and business, for example, if Poland is in an unstable situation akin to the current Libyan crisis, people would avoid investing in the country. In contrast to a communist state, a democratic country allows the voice of people to be heard, and their opinions and views to be realised. Citizens in democratic countries tend to have greater respect for the leaders they chose for themselves compared to otherwise. For example, in a company, a bottom-up leadership has a better effect than a top-down leadership because workers would respect the leader and this allows employees to bring out best of their skill set and experience. Similar principle applies for macroeconomic levels. Additionally, a democratic country is highly likely to prosper due to reduced frictional social interactions among citizens (Kariel, 1956). Furthermore, the Polish government has developed a radical program known as the Shock Therapy to curb hyper inflation. Poland was once ruled under a planned economy system. Shock Therapy is a transition from a planned economy system to market economy. It is a sudden release of price, followed by the removal of subsidies and large scale privatisations of previously publicly owned companies (Murell, 1993). This program has both short and long term effects. The planned economy provided employment to almost every citizen but with inflation rates of around 600% (Cottarelli Szapà ¡ry, 1998), low wages and severe shortages of basic necessities. This Shock Therapy suppressed the hyperinflation and stopped the food shortage (Haggard Webb, 1996). However, all these problems are only short term problems. The ideal result lies in the long term measure. One of the key reasons of why Poland economy growth has been so steady in the past few years was because of its market economy (Kornai, 2000). This has provided opportunities for small service firms to contribute to Polands economy (Nunnally, 2010), which was unachievable during the communist era. Market economies encourage international business because the barriers to entry are lowered increasing the opportunity for success and lowering sunk costs. Poland also has excellent relations with foreign countries allowing it to benefit from several advantages such as enjoying tax free zones within the EU since joining it in May 2004 (Papazoglou, Pentecost, Marques, 2006). This is important because imported goods within Europe are cheaper, hence lowering production costs. Another vital factor of entering the EU is curbing the high unemployment rate. Since adopting the free market policy, Poland has high unemployment rates  [3]  . By joining the EU, Polands unemployed workforce is able to look for jobs outside Poland. Lowering unemployment rates is crucial in reducing social problems and creating a better environment for investors. Economic Advantages In addition to political factors, economic factors have also enhanced economic growth. The first step was implementing a floating exchange to curb hyperinflation (Sachs, 1996) which, in addition, helped Poland to survive the current economic crisis by facilitating economic adjustments. During the economic crisis, the Zloty depreciated against the Euro and Sterling. This meant Polish goods were more competitive than European goods both at home and abroad. One might think that there are so many countries with lower exchange rates, so why would investors invest in Poland? The answer lies in the nature of its currency- Zloty is very stable as a currency  [4]  , it only oscillates within a certain range. This is very important for a business because cost of production would not fluctuate and there would be less uncertainty. Investors tend to avoid the risks arising from uncertainty and the Zloty provides a sense of security to businessmen and investors. In planning to adopt the euro i n 2015 (Dnevnik.bg, 2010), Poland will be forgoing the competitive advantage of its currency. To evaluate, this is a good option as the global economy grows as the Euro will provide more advantages (Gulde, Kahkonen, Keller, 2000). Many things have changed since the transitional period of Poland. Polish people have become richer over the years and Poland is one of the richest nations, second only to the Czechs in the Central Europe (Credit Suisse, 2010). Also, an average Polish is three times richer than an average Russian (Jedrzej, 2010). Their wealth leads to strong domestic consumption within Poland  [5]  which led to strong economic growth especially during the recession. Export based countries, such as Singapore, suffered greatly during the recession. The impact of the recession is less in the case of Poland because the domestic market within Poland is large and accounts for more than half of Polands market. Although it is hard to believe, the initial high unemployment rate also boosted economic growth. Polish people are highly educated with 99% of their citizens being educated (TradingEconomics, 2009). Skilled and educated workers tend to be more expensive. However, due to the high unemployment rates, labour costs in Poland are comparatively lower than other countries, such as Germany. This is a strong selling point for investors abroad. These investments are crucial because it has reduced unemployment rates and increased economic activity in Poland, subsequently enhancing economic growth. FDI has increased steadily since 1995 with the exception of 2008 and 2009 due to global economic crisis (United Nation Conference of Trade and Development, 2010). It has boosted economic activities greatly. Other than a cheap but skilled labour force, Special Economic Zones established by the Polish government has also attracted foreign investors. At present, there are 14 Special Economic Zone in Poland (KPMG, 2009). Different areas have different geographical landscapes allowing wide-ranges of businesses to be set up. These areas provide opportunities for tax exemption. The amount of tax exempted will depend on the size of the investment (Nam, 2004). The Special Economic Zones have attracted investors from all over the world, in particular investors from the EU as the benefits are greatly to their advantage to invest. The regulations are more flexible and they share the same benefits as Polish firms. These, combined with the stability exchange rate of Zloty, have attracted FDI from the EU as all investors stand an equal chance. Porters Factor Conditions Although Poland has enjoyed steady economic growth in recent years, there are still a few factors hindering their growth, for example, having poor transportation systems. Having good infrastructures enables a country to fully utilise their resources efficiently and effectively boosting the economy. Therefore for Poland to improve on their economic growth, they must improve on their infrastructure. In my opinion, the infrastructure would not be a concern because Euro 2012 will be held by Poland and funds had been provided by the EU as an aid to improve on their infrastructure (Szafranko, 2010). Evaluation As previously mentioned, political stability is key to economic growth but there are factors that unsettle Polands stability such as corruption  [6]  . This is a significant disadvantage, for instant, if the government invested in a  £10million project but due to corruption, only  £2 million is injected, the project would either be substandard or incomplete due to the amount of money lost. Furthermore, safety will also be a key concern due to the substandard undertakings. With this kind of uncertainties, investors will have their doubts when investing in the country. However, Poland has taken several measures to reduce corruption, and with more effort, corruption can be reduced. Besides that, the countrys high unemployment rate can also be a concern for the country  [7]  . While it is true that the high unemployment rate saved Poland during the recession, it cannot be a long term plan for the country. A high rate of unemployment would cause stress within the country and crime rate would increase causing instability. Furthermore, it would also prevent the country for optimising their resources. Despite the current high unemployment, recent reports show that the unemployment rate is steadily decreasing over the years  [8]  . Conclusion In conclusion, there are many factors driving Polands economic growth such as political stability and stable exchange rates. Polands external competitiveness has been tested by the rise of the BRIC, notably China. There are numerous reasons why Poland has been able to attract large volumes of FDI, one of which is the Special Economic Zones with tax exemptions lowering business costs. Sound macroeconomic policies have sharpened Polands competitive edge and positioned it well to seize opportunities from joining the EU, therefore attracting more FDI leading to further growth. The main difficulty Poland now faces is corruptions. However, the extent to which this has affected Polands economic growth is hard to determine but the pull factors of economic growth outweighs this problem. There is also room for supplementary improvement to further boost the economy especially the developments of infrastructures. Nonetheless, the growth for Poland is sure to progress with the adoption of Euro an d Euro 2012. Critical Reflection The PESTLE analysis allows clear insight of the country in the macroeconomic level. The political and economic aspects of the PESTLE provide a clear framework on how it affects the economical growth and the extent of the influence. However, the usage of PESTLE is limited to the present and does not give a wider picture of the future such as Poland is planning to adopt Euro in 2015. Under some circumstances, analysing the PESTLE is insufficient in certain aspects such as the infrastructure in Poland. Nevertheless, the Porters Diamond Factor Conditions are used to complement the weaknesses of this issue. However, both models fail to address one major factor, the regulatory factor given in the STEER  [9]  analysis which is important given the recent financial crisis. Furthermore, in my opinion, safety of a country is important as well. Safety is indispensable because it provides certainty for foreign investors. Although the PESTLE analysis is widely used and it provides information on various factors, I think a new model that incorporates more factors should be introduced. There are many factors driving Polands economic growth, however, the level of contribution of each factor is uncertain. One might wonder how Hungary suffered from a different fate from Poland despite both having floating exchange rates. In my opinion, it is not just the floating exchange, but the different factors that complement each other that exist only within Poland to have boosted Polands economic growth. Lastly, research was made based on recent statistics for data accuracy. However, sources from research using resources that date back to 20 years were also used. The results are important because this data provides an insight to the initiation of Polands economic growth after the downfall of communism. Some resources are subject to biased views, making it impossible to obtain a perfectly accurate reasoning. Mixed responses can be seen regarding the countrys progress. According to local Polish people in the university, it is said that Polands economy is not very promising. However, according to other reports, the results say otherwise. In my opinion, Polands progress is very promising but the government should provide more social benefits to the local Polish to prevent outward migration which may lead to brain drain. Bibliography Business Monitor International. (2011). Poland Infrastrucuture Report Q1. Warsaw: Business Monitor International. Cottarelli, C., Szapà ¡ry, G. (1998). Moderate inflation: the experience of transition economies. Hungary: International Monetary Fund. Credit Suisse. (2010). Poles getting rich quickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Warsaw: Global Wealth Report. Dnevnik.bg. (2010). Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Czech Republic to adopt euro in 2015 analysts. Sofiaecho , 50. E, P. M. (1990). The Competitve Advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review , 73-93. Economic Intelligence Unit. (19 March, 2009). Viewsfire. Retrieved 2011 April, 4, from Viewsfire: http://viewswire.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=social_unrest_tablepage=noadsrf=0 Eurostat. (6 April, 2011). Poland Unemployment Rate. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Eurostat: http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/quickview.do?SERIES_KEY=132.STS.M.PL.S.UNEH.RTT000.4.000 Eurostat. (6 April, 2011). Real GDP Growth Rate. Retrieved 7 Aptril, 2011, from Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=tableinit=1plugin=1language=enpcode=tsieb020 Gillespie, P. (1999). Too early to say if 1989 was a liberation or a revolution. World News , 16. Gulde, A.-M., Kahkonen, J., Keller, P. (2000). Pros and cons of currency board arrangements in the lead-up to EU accession and participation in the Euro zone. International Economic Review , 173. Haggard, S., Webb, S. B. (1996). Voting for reform: democracy, political liberalization, and economic adjustment. New York: Oxford University Press. Jedrzej, B. (13 October, 2010). Poles are at the forefront of nations increasingly rich. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Gelda Waluty Finanse, FT: http://forsal.pl/artykuly/458053,polacy_sa_w_swiatowej_czolowce_bogacacych_sie_narodow.html Kariel, H. S. (1956). Democracy Unlimited: Lewins Field Theory. The American Journal of Sociology , 280-289. Kornai, J. (2000). Ten Years After The Road to a Free Economy: The Authors Self-Evaluation . SSRN , 29. KPMG. (2009). A Special Economic Zone in Poland. Warsaw: Invest in Poland. Laposte. (4 January, 2010). Polands Consumptio. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Laposte. McKEEVER INSTITUTE of ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS. (December, 2004). POLAND: Economic Policy Analysis. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from McKEEVER INSTITUTE of ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS: http://www.mkeever.com/poland.html Murell, P. (1993). What is shock therapy? What did it do in Poland and Russia? Post-Soviet Affairs , 111-137. Nam, C. W. (2004). Types of Tax Concessions for Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in Free Economic Zones. Munich: Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research. National Bank of Poland. (7 April, 2011). Exchange Rate Archive. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from National Bank of Poland: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=tableinit=1plugin=1language=enpcode=tsieb020 Nunnally, S. (2010). Economic Growth And Low Labor Costs Make For Attractive Investments. Articlesnatch , 1. Nuti. (1986). Hidden and Repressed Inflation in Soviet Economies:Definition, Measurements and Stabilisation . Contributions to Political Econo , 37-82. Papazoglou, C., Pentecost, E. J., Marques, H. (2006). A Gravity Model Forecast of the Potential Trade Effects of EU Enlargement: Lessons from 2004 and Path-dependency in Integration. The World Economy , 1077-1089. Sachs, J. D. (1996). Economic transition and the exchange-rate regime. The American Economic Review , 147. Szafranko, E. (2010). Evaluation of a Possible Development of the Transportation Network in Poland Supported by the EU Funds. Olsztyn Economic Journal , 357-379. TradingEconomics. (2009). Literacy rate; youth total (% of people ages 15-24) in Poland. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Trading Economics: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/poland/literacy-rate-youth-total-percent-of-people-ages-15-24-wb-data.html United Nation Conference of Trade and Development. (22 July , 2010). World Investment Report 2010. Retrieved 7 April, 2011, from Invest in Poland: http://www.paiz.gov.pl/files/?id_plik=13224 Appendix Appendix 1 Polands economic growth has been steady with the exception of the economic crisis in 2008. Source: Adapted from (Eurostat, 2011) Appendix 2 PESTLE Analysis In this essay, I utilised the Political and Economical factors in the PESTLE analysis. The PESTLE analysis provided me a clear framework to facilitate my research on the essay. Appendix 3 Polands have high unemployment rate. However, over the last few years, unemployment has been decreasing steadily. C:UsersNicoDesktopunemplo.png Source: Adapted from (Eurostat, 2011) Appendix 4 The Polish currency, Zlotych had depreciates against the Euro from 2008 to 2009 which caused the Polish currency to be more competitive in the market. Low currency value reduces the cost of borrowing hence it attracts investors to invest more in the country. Furthermore, the exchange rate is very stable, making it a reliable currency. Source: Adapted from (National Bank of Poland, 2011) Appendix 5 Polands domestic consumption is much bigger than the export. The high domestic consumption is one of the reasons that allowed Poland to enjoy a positive GDP despite the current economic crisis. Source: Adapted from (Laposte, 2010) Appendix 6 Polands is generally stable politically with the exception of corruptions. Source: Adapted from (McKEEVER INSTITUTE of ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS, 2004) Appendix 7 Porters Diamond Factors Condition The Porters Diamond factors condition analyses nations position in factors of production (E, 1990). From there, the key opportunity and threats can be highlighted clearly. In this case, the infrastructure is examined because it is the weak link in Polands economic growth. However, Poland infrastructure has been growing steadily (Business Monitor International, 2011). Appendix 8 STEER Analysis The STEER analysis is the updated version of the PESTLE framework. The main factor that differentiates STEER from PESTLE is the regulatory factor.